This briefing is designed for financial advisers only and should not be distributed to or relied upon by individual investors.

Quarterly Technical Briefing

Spring 2026

Editorial comment

Aidan Golden

Aidan Golden
Head of Group Technical Services

Welcome to the Spring 2026 edition of NAVIGATOR.

The pace of change facing advisers continues to accelerate. Client mobility is increasing, private and complex assets are becoming mainstream, and regulatory scrutiny is intensifying. In this environment, planning in silos is no longer fit for purpose.

This edition’s Technical Spotlight focuses on why life insurance sits at the centre of holistic wealth planning. Brendan Harper opens the section by examining why fragmented planning so often breaks down when wealth structures cross borders, and why advisers are increasingly turning to integrated, portable solutions. The country articles and Case Study Insights that follow show how this plays out in practice.

That theme is reinforced in our Country Focus piece by Benjamin Fiorino, which explores the France–Monaco corridor and demonstrates why residency led planning is rarely sufficient on its own. Instead, advisers must reconcile tax, civil law and family dynamics within a coherent structure that continues to work over time.

In Navigator Voices, I speak with Stephen Atkinson, who reflects on how supervisory expectations are evolving as private market assets and more sophisticated strategies move into the mainstream. His message is reinforced by Brendan Harper’s article on why insurer credit ratings matter more than ever for securities backed lending, set against recent correspondence from the Luxembourg financial regulator (CSSF). Together, these developments underline the growing importance of insurer capability in an increasingly scrutinised environment.

Across this edition, one message is clear. Advisers who adopt holistic, well governed structures will be best placed to deliver resilient outcomes, and to identify new planning opportunities for their clients.

As always, our team is here to support you in delivering the best possible outcomes for your clients.

Thank you for reading.

Aidan Golden
Head of Group Technical Services

Commentaire éditorial

Aidan Golden

Aidan Golden
Head of Group Technical Services

Bienvenue dans l’édition Printemps 2026 de NAVIGATOR.

Le rythme des évolutions auxquelles les conseillers sont confrontés continue de s’accélérer. La mobilité des clients augmente, les actifs privés et complexes deviennent une composante courante des portefeuilles, et la pression réglementaire s’intensifie. Dans cet environnement, une planification en silos n’est plus adaptée.

Le Technical Spotlight de cette édition met en lumière pourquoi l’assurance-vie occupe une place centrale dans une approche globale de la planification patrimoniale. Brendan Harper ouvre cette section en analysant pourquoi une planification fragmentée se fragilise souvent lorsque les structures patrimoniales deviennent transfrontalières, et pourquoi les conseillers se tournent de plus en plus vers des solutions intégrées et portables. Les articles pays et les études de cas qui suivent illustrent concrètement cette approche.

Ce thème est également développé dans notre section Country Focus par Benjamin Fiorino, qui examine le corridor France–Monaco et montre pourquoi une planification fondée uniquement sur la résidence est rarement suffisante. Les conseillers doivent au contraire articuler les enjeux fiscaux, juridiques et familiaux au sein d’une structure cohérente, capable de s’inscrire dans la durée.

Dans Navigator Voices, je m’entretiens avec Stephen Atkinson, qui revient sur l’évolution des attentes des autorités de supervision à mesure que les actifs des marchés privés et les stratégies plus sophistiquées s’inscrivent dans la norme. Ce constat est renforcé par l’article de Brendan Harper consacré à l’importance croissante des notations de crédit des assureurs dans le cadre des prêts sur titres, dans le contexte des récents échanges avec le régulateur financier luxembourgeois (CSSF). Ensemble, ces évolutions soulignent l’importance croissante des capacités des assureurs dans un environnement de plus en plus encadré.

À travers cette édition, un message ressort clairement. Les conseillers qui adoptent des structures globales et bien encadrées seront les mieux placés pour obtenir des résultats durables et pour identifier de nouvelles opportunités de planification pour leurs clients.

Comme toujours, nos équipes sont à votre disposition pour vous accompagner dans la mise en œuvre des meilleures solutions pour vos clients.

Merci de votre lecture.

Aidan Golden
Head of Group Technical Services

In this issue

Pulse

Keep your finger on the industry pulse with our quarterly round-up of the most important regulatory and compliance developments in the wealth management sector.

Simplifying the Pensions and Investment Advice Rules

FCA publishes consultation paper on simplifying rules relating to provision of investment and pensions advice to retail consumers. Consulting on significant changes that could materially impact business models.

26 March 2026

  • FCA Consultation Paper CP26/10 ‘Simplifying the Pensions and Investment Advice Rules’ asks for views on simplifying advice rules and replacing annual suitability requirements with periodic suitability reviews. Proposes consolidating rules to remove distinctions between advice on Markets in Financial Instruments Directive II scope products, insurance-based investment products and other life policies and pensions. Also contains discussion chapter inviting initial feedback on the continued payment of pre- RDR legacy trail commission, including whether it should be ended, allowed to continue or the current rules for its payment modified. Policy statement expected in Q4 2026. Responses to consultation sought by 22 May 2026.

Targeted Support Regime

FCA publishes final rules for Targeted Support Regime in PS 25/22 setting out new regulatory proposition for targeted support in pensions and retail investments. Key part of FCA’s work to close the ‘advice gap’.

6 April 2026

  • FCA have identified a gap in provision of financial advice.
  • Targeted support introduced as a new type of help for consumers not currently accessing financial advice but have uninvested cash savings or pension requirements for example.
  • Under targeted support firms can deliver product suggestions suitable for groups of customers who share common characteristics.
  • Regime comes into force 6 April 2026. Only FCA authorised firms with over £500,000 in capital being able to provide Targeted Support.
  • Rules are a starting point with changes to ‘simplified advice’ also on horizon.

UK PRIIPs Revocation and Replacement Consumer Composite Investment Disclosure Regime

Final rules on Consumer Composite Investments Regime released in PS 25/20. Replaces UK PRIIPS regime.

6 April 2026

  • FCA have released final rules for new consumer disclosure regime.
  • Term ‘PRIIP’ being replaced with ‘consumer composite investments’.
  • PRIIPS KID and UCITS KIID replaced with a product summary.
  • Manufacturers will need to make underlying information available to distributors in a machine-readable format.
  • Flexible format allowing for more information to be provided on top of that mandated.
  • Rules on complaints handing for unauthorised manufacturers and distributors of CCI’s.

IHT on unused pensions savings and changes to Property and Savings rates of tax

UK Government remain committed to including unused pensions savings in estates for IHT purposes.

April 2027

  • Autumn Budget announced unused pension savings may be included in people’s estates for IHT.
  • Despite industry pushback, the pensions minister has stated that there will be no change of approach from the government in this matter.
  • Property and Savings rates of tax changed with 2% increase on property and savings rates of income tax –basic rate increased to 22%, higher rate increased to 42% and additional rate increased to 47%. Changes to order of taxation with property income sitting after non-savings income but before savings income. The personal allowance will be deducted against non-savings income prior to property, savings or dividend income.
  • Temporary Repatriation Facility rate (for those previously claiming remittance basis) increases from 12% to 15% for final year.

Financial Conduct Authority Crypto roadmap

FCA expects all Policy Statements that form the new Crypto regime to be published in 2026. FCA lifted ban on retail clients accessing crypto Exchange Traded Notes on 8 October 2025.

25 October 2027 (expected date)

  • Roadmap sets out key dates for expected discussion papers. and consultation papers in development of new UK crypto regime.
  • Designed to increase consumer trust and ensure market integrity.
  • DP24/4: Regulating cryptoassets – Admissions & Disclosures and Market Abuse Regime for Cryptoassets published 16 December 2024.
  • Discussion paper DP25/1 Regulating cryptoasset activities published 2 May 2025. It seeks views on FCA’s approach to regulating cryptoasset trading platforms, intermediaries, cryptoasset lending and borrowing, staking and decentralised finance and use of credit to purchase cryptoassets.
  • Consultations CP25/14 and CP25/15 published setting out proposed rules for issuing stablecoin and the proposed prudential requirements for issuers.
  • Consultation CP25/40 published containing proposed rules for firms conducting regulated cryptoasset activities such as trading platforms, intermediaries (including cryptoasset lending and borrowing), staking and decentralised finance.
  • Consultation CP26/4 Application of FCA Handbook for regulated cryptoasset activities -part 2 published 23 January 2026.
  • Guidance consultation GC26/2 Application of the Consumer Duty to cryptoasset firms published 23 January 2026.
  • Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Cryptoassets) Regulations 2026 published 4 February 2026. These bring cryptoassets into the FCA regulatory remit.

Regulatory regime for ESG ratings providers

Proposed ‘Go live’ date for ESG ratings regime.

2028

  • Draft legislation bringing ratings providers under remit of FCA. From 29 June 2028 firms will need FCA authorisation to provide certain types of ESG ratings in the UK.
  • FCA have published consultation CP25/34 setting out proposed approach to regulation.
  • Regime expected to improve transparency and quality of ESG ratings for investments and other types of financial products.
  • Goal of supporting better decision making and confidence in the market and support growth in sustainable finance.

Temporary Repatriation Facility ends and High Value Council Tax Surcharge introduced

Ending of the Temporary Repatriation Facility and lower tax rates for those previously able to use remittance basis who remit their pre-6 April 2025 income or gains.

April 2028

  • End of the Temporary Repatriation Facility for those previously claiming remittance basis.
  • Introduction of The High Value Council Tax Surcharge (HVCTS) – an annual levy on residential properties valued above £2m starting at £2,500 and increasing to a maximum of £7,500 on houses worth £5m and above.

Salary Sacrifice Changes

Impact to UK employees previously utilising salary sacrifice.

April 2029

  • Changes to pension salary sacrifice rules come into effect. NI payable on contributions above £2,000.

ITALY
IVASS Regulations on permissible assets and investment restrictions for unit-linked insurance products

Second Consultation on revised set of rules on permissible assets and investment restrictions for index and unit-linked products.
Final Regulation still not issued.

30 June 2025

  • IVASS is still to issue the final regulation on permissible assets and investment restrictions for unit and index linked products, as well as its views on biometric risk requirements —despite two consultation rounds (carried out in 2022 and 2024) and feedback received from the industry, including Utmost - with no official timeline nor any expectations now on the possible issuance date.

FRANCE
Social Security Financing Act 2026

Negative impact on certain investment income / Preservation of life insurance framework.

31 December 2025

  • The 2026 Social Security Financing Act introduces an increase in social charges on certain types of capital income, notably through a rise in CSG from 9.2% to 10.6%, bringing total social levies up to 18.6% and increasing the overall flat tax burden on affected investment income. However, this increase does not apply uniformly: key wrappers such as life insurance are effectively “spared”, continuing to benefit from their existing social contribution framework (typically 17.2%), thereby reinforcing their relative attractiveness in a more punitive environment for direct holdings.

PORTUGAL
ASF parafiscal charge increase

ASF parafiscal charge increased on 1 January 2026.

1 January 2026

  • The ASF parafiscal charge due on all premiums and top-ups increased from 0.048 to 0.078%. In force from 1 January 2026.

PORTUGAL
PIT breaks and tax rates changes

The 2026 Portuguese State Budget amended the PIT breaks and some tax rates. This does not affect directly our product taxation. It only affects if the Policyholders decide to aggregate the income from surrenders with other income and be consequently liable to taxation at the final PIT rates.

1 January 2026

  • The 2026 Portuguese State Budget amended the Personal Income Tax (PIT) brackets by 3.51%, through the automatic mechanism provided by law, and reduced the rates for the 2nd to 5th brackets by 0.3 percentage points.

BELGIUM
New Law on capital gains tax on ‘financial assets’ held by Belgian residents

Branch 23 (unit-linked) insurance contracts will fall into the scope of the new Law, but only on withdrawals and surrenders.

1 January 2026

  • The Belgian government reached agreement to introduce a new capital gains tax.
  • The Draft Law is intended to be voted on by Parliament on 2 April and provides that the new tax will be introduced with a retroactive effect as from 1 January 2026.
  • Upon realization of the gain, i.e., sale of the financial asset, the tax rate of the capital gains tax will be 10%, with an exemption of a capital gain of €10,000 per year per investor.
  • Historical gains realized up to 31 December 2025 out of scope of capital gains tax.
  • The new capital gains tax is supposed to enforce the status of the life insurance contract as a capitalizing vehicle.

BELGIUM
Increase of the rate of the Tax on the Annual Securities Accounts (ATSA)

Increase of the Annual Tax on Securities Accounts (ATSA) from 0.15% to 0.30%.

1 January 2026

  • ATSA is a wealth tax applicable on all securities accounts above €1,000,000 held by Belgian residents.
  • Increasing on 1 January 2026 from 0.15% to 0.30%.
  • Not applicable on insurance contracts with an underlying securities account of more than €1,000,000 subscribed by a Belgian-resident policyholder at a Luxembourg insurance company (or eventually its Belgian Branch) where the custodian bank of the insurance contract is situated outside Belgium.

FRANCE
Green Industry Law no. 2023-973 of 23 October 2023

Transaction fees banned for arbitrage mandates.
Introducing a DDA interpretation within French law on life insurance dealing charges (in arbitration mandates).

1 January 2026

  • Commissions or remuneration received in connection with investment or disinvestment transactions between the investment links available under an arbitration mandate within a life insurance policy have been prohibited since 1 January 2026.
  • In the context of discretionary portfolio management for third parties, asset managers will be prohibited from charging fees in connection with buy or sell transactions, first for new mandates from 1 January 2027, and then for all mandates from 1 January 2028.

SWEDEN
Yield tax applicable for income year 2026 set at 1.065%. Amount exempted also increased to SEK 300,000

Will impact all Swedish tax resident holders of a life insurance policy and/or an ISK account.

1 January 2026

  • The Government borrowing interest rate as of 30 November 2025 set at 2.55%, which brings an effective yield tax at the level of 1.065% ((2.55% + 1%) x 30%).
  • The yield tax is applied on life insurance policies on the value as of 1 January 2026. The yield tax is also applied in full on additional premiums paid the first 6 months of the year and at half rate on premiums paid the last 6 months of the year.
  • Please note, non-Swedish withholding tax paid within a life insurance portfolio may be set off against the yield tax and Swedish withholding tax may be fully recovered.
  • Amount in a life insurance policy or on an ISK account exempted from yield tax increased to SEK 300,000 for 2026 (previous exempted amount of SEK 150,000).
  • Exemption is a tax incentive by the Government to increase savings in Sweden. Primarily to benefit retail clients but will apply to all life insurance policies and ISK accounts.

ITALY
Insurance Arbitrator (AAS)

New alternative dispute resolution system for insurance related matters.

15 January 2026

  • The new Insurance Arbitrator (AAS) is now live, effective 15 January 2026. It is a simple, fast, and non-expensive alternative dispute resolution system for insurance related matters, available to policyholders, life assureds and beneficiaries of an insurance contract.
  • Appeals to the AAS shall be filed online against an insurance company and/or an insurance intermediary, via the AAS portal, available on the website Homepage | Sito dell'Arbitro Assicurativo.
  • Further information on the requirements for submitting a complaint to the AAS is available on the AAS website.

ITALY
IVASS Order no. 169/2026

IVASS regulation on the “right to be forgotten” implementing LAW no. 193/2023.

15 January 2026

  • Law no. 193/2023 introduced a ban on insurance companies and intermediaries to request information on the health status to clients who had suffered from oncological pathologies when taking out or renewing insurance contracts, when a certain amount of time has passed in the absence of relapses of the disease.
  • The Regulation requires the oncological right to be forgotten to be expressly mentioned in the contractual documentation used for the conclusion or renewal of insurance contracts.
  • In addition to amending IVASS Regulations 40/2018 and 41/2018, IVASS requires insurance undertakings to include the new provision in the Additional PID (precontractual information document).

Omnibus Simplification Package approved

Proposed Omnibus regulation to cut ‘red tape’.

24 February 2026

  • ‘Omnibus Simplification Package’ published.
  • Contains proposals to reduce CSRD and CSDDD burdens on firms and simplify obligations under the Taxonomy Regulation.
  • Proposals de-scope a number of firms from the CSRD reporting requirements altogether.
  • Package also contains proposals to postpone the reporting obligations for firms reporting for financial years 2025 and 2026 to prevent possible costs of reporting before being de-scoped.
  • Council of the European Union officially approved 24 February 2026.

ITALY
DL 38/2026

Dividend and capital gains taxation for companies.

28 March 2026

  • Italian Government cancelled the provision of the Budget Law 2026, with effect from 1 January 2026, that introduced two alternative conditions to benefit from the reduced tax rate.
  • The Government adopted this provision via a law decree. A law decree is directly applicable, but is required to be converted into law within 60 days from its publication by the Parliament.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) Act

Majority of provisions in the Act to take effect by 2 August 2026.

2 August 2026

  • Published in the EU Official Journal on 12 July 2024, the AI Act classifies AI systems based on their potential risk, banning those with unacceptable risk and regulating high-risk systems.
  • Applies to all organisations that develop, use, distribute, or import AI systems in the EU, even if they are not EU-based.
  • Legal application to be phased in over the next three years, with most provisions taking effect on 2 August 2026.
  • Digital Omnibus published 19 November 2025 contains proposal for Regulation amending the AI Act but these do not materially affect the overall effect of AI Act.

Retail Investment Strategy (RIS)

Retail Investment Strategy PRIIPs and IDD changes.

2027/28

  • RIS aims to boost consumer protection and confidence in the financial sector through enhanced disclosure requirements and financial promotion rules, for example, to encourage customers to invest in financial products across the Union. It has two main components:
    • The Omnibus Directive, which significantly amends IDD, MiFID II, UCITS, AIFMD, and Solvency II.
    • Amendments to the PRIIPs Level One Regulation, paving the way for new technical standards.
  • Negotiations on aspects such as inducement rules and value-for-money benchmarks have been intense, but agreement has been reached on all points. There will be further ‘trilogue’ negotiations to agree the technical detail.
  • Given the complexity of these legal updates, the strategy is not expected to be in effect until 2028. As this is directive, it will need to be transposed by Member States and there may be local ‘gold plating’.

EU Anti-Money Laundering (AML) and Countering the Financing of Terrorism (CFT)

6th AML Directive (AML D6) and new AML Regulatory Package.

10 July 2027

  • This package includes a directive outlining the mechanisms member states must implement, a regulation establishing the Authority for AML and CTF, and a significant regulation to replace the current Fifth AML Directive.
  • The new regulation aims to address inconsistencies in the local application of the directive by introducing directly applicable rules across the EU.
  • Four sets of draft Regulatory Technical Standards published by EBA on 6 March 2025 including draft RTS on Customer Due Diligence. These were subsequently revised following feedback. AMLA took over production of the RTS and on 9 Feb 2026 launched public consultations on 3 draft RTS:
    • Customer due diligence
    • Criteria for identifying business relationships, occasional transactions and linked transactions
    • Pecuniary sanctions, administrative measures and periodic penalty payments.

Sustainable Finance Disclosure Regime (SFDR) Changes

Proposed SFDR changes aim to simplify rules and align disclosures with other EU sustainability frameworks.

2028 (H1 at the earliest)

  • On 20 November 2025 the European Commission adopted its final proposal for amendments to SFDR.
  • Aim to simplify rules and align disclosures with other EU sustainability frameworks.
  • Key changes include:
    • New product categorization regime.
    • Remove portfolio management and investment advice from scope of SFDR.
    • Remove entity level requirements for PAI reporting and disclosures on how sustainability risks are considered in remuneration policies.
  • Changes are expected to come in effect early to mid-2028.

MALAYSIA
Extended exemption for foreign-sourced income

Exemption period extended to 2036.

January 2025

  • Malaysia clarified taxation of foreign income in 2022–2024 guidelines.
  • Exemption extended to 31 December 2036 (effective 1 January 2027).
  • Applies to resident individuals on all classes of foreign-sourced income (excluding partnership income), provided such income is taxed abroad.

SINGAPORE
Family Office Tax Incentives Economic Criteria for Qualifying Funds

Extension and revision of tax schemes.

January 2025

  • Incentives first introduced in 2019 – 2021, expanded in 2022 – 2024 to attract family offices.
  • Changes to economic criteria for sections 13D, 13O, and 13U to take effect from January 2025.
  • Extension of tax incentives for qualifying funds until end of 2029.
  • Inclusion of Limited Partnerships under section 13O scheme.
  • Revised economic criteria for qualifying funds, including potential introduction of a minimum fund size and increased business spending commitments.

TAIWAN
MOF Update to Individual CFC Regime Q&A

Clarified CFC treatment of PPLI.

April 2025

  • Taiwan introduced CFC rules in 2023, expanded in 2024 to cover offshore trusts.
  • MOF added Q&A Q66 clarifying PPLI treatment under CFC rules.
  • Where individuals transfer CFC shares to an insurer and retain economic control, the CFC is treated as directly held.
  • Reinforces substance-over-form to prevent CFC tax avoidance.

HONG KONG
Companies (Amendment) (No. 2) Ordinance 2025 – Inward Re-domiciliation

Enables re-domiciliation of foreign companies.

May 2025

  • Builds on Hong Kong’s 2021 fund re-domiciliation regime and 2024 proposals for corporate re-domiciliation.
  • Amendment Ordinance gazetted 23 May 2025.
  • Eligible companies must meet jurisdictional recognition, minimum incorporation period, and creditor protection requirements.
  • Retention of original company name and BR number; profits tax transitional relief available.

HONG KONG
Family Office Policy Further Review and Tax Concessions

Enhanced measures and tax regime for family offices.

May 2025

  • Hong Kong launched family office concessions in 2023–2024 to attract UHNWIs.
  • Ongoing measurement of the Capital Investment Entrant Scheme (CIES) and Family-owned Investment Holding Vehicles (FIHVs) introduced in March 2024.

THAILAND
Remittance-Based Taxation of Foreign Income Tax on foreign income brought into Thailand

Comprehensive taxation on foreign income.

2025 > 2026

  • Thailand shifted from deferral-based taxation to remittance-based taxation in 2024.
  • Foreign income taxation effective from 1 January 2024. Foreign income brought into Thailand will be taxed in the year it is brought in, regardless of when earned. This eliminates the previous tax deferral strategy.

THAILAND
Proposed draft May 2025 Royal Decree on Foreign Income Remittance Reform

New 1–2-year tax-exempt window under draft decree.

2025 > 2026

  • Reform proposal follows strict 2024 remittance taxation rules.
  • Draft royal decree (May 2025) proposes that foreign income remitted within the same or next calendar year after it’s earned (1–2 year “safe window”), will be exempt.
  • Encourages timely capital return; draft still pending enactment, likely in 2026.

HONG KONG
Family Office Tax Concession Expansion (2026 Budget)

Broadens allowable asset classes for tax exempt investment.

March 2026

  • Government plans to expand tax exemptions to more asset classes, including Digital assets, precious metals, and specified commodities.
  • Strengthens Hong Kong’s positioning as a flexible hub for UHNWIs.

INDONESIA
Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) Listed Company Reporting

New 1% shareholder disclosure threshold.

March 2026

  • Indonesia has tightened public float and shareholder disclosure rules.
  • Listed companies must now report any shareholder crossing the 1% threshold (down from 5%).
  • Designed to improve market integrity, insider trading monitoring, and UBO visibility.
  • Effective March 2026 to align with MSCI governance standards.

Regulation, Tax and Compliance


Why Insurer Credit Ratings Matter More Than Ever for Securities-Backed Lending

Brendan Harper

Brendan Harper
Head of Asia and HNW Technical Services

Recent correspondence from the Luxembourg financial regulator, the Commission de Surveillance du Secteur Financier (CSSF), has brought renewed attention to how banks should treat securities-backed loans secured by life insurance policies for regulatory capital purposes.

In this article, Brendan Harper examines a regulatory clarification that, while technical, has practical implications for banks, advisers and clients, particularly as insurer credit ratings play an increasingly central role in lending decisions.

UK: Mandatory Registration of Tax Advisers With HMRC

Simon Martin

Simon Martin
Head of UK Technical Services

From May 2026, paid interaction with HMRC will be subject to a new mandatory registration regime for tax advisers.

In this article, Simon Martin, Head of UK Technical Services, outlines who must register, the standards advisers will need to meet and the practical consequences of non-compliance.

Brendan Harper

Brendan Harper
Head of Asia and HNW Technical Services

Recent correspondence from the Luxembourg financial regulator, the Commission de Surveillance du Secteur Financier (CSSF), has brought renewed attention to how banks should treat securities-backed loans secured by life insurance policies for regulatory capital purposes.

Securities-Backed Loans and Pledged Life Insurance Policies

Securities-backed lending continues to play an important role in private banking, allowing clients to raise liquidity while maintaining long-term investment or planning structures. In Luxembourg, this commonly involves a life insurance policy being pledged or assigned to a bank as security for the loan.

Under the EU Capital Requirements Regulation (CRR), banks must calculate a risk-weighted exposure amount (RWA) for such lending. This determines how much regulatory capital a bank must hold and directly influences lending appetite, pricing and overall loan economics.

Recent engagement from the CSSF has focused on how these rules should be applied where life insurance policies are used as collateral.

The CSSF’s Position: Focusing on the Insurer, Not the Assets

Although the CSSF correspondence itself has not been made public, its substance has been confirmed to market participants and advisers. The regulator has reminded certain private banks of the correct application of Article 232 CRR where a life insurance policy is pledged as collateral.

The CSSF has challenged practices where banks apply a “look-through” approach to the underlying assets held within a policy when assessing credit risk. Instead, Article 232 requires banks to substitute the credit risk of the borrower with that of the insurance undertaking issuing the policy.

In practical terms, this means the relevant risk is the credit quality of the insurer, rather than its solvency ratio or the composition of the policy’s underlying investment assets.

This reflects a legal and regulatory reality. In an insurer insolvency scenario, banks do not have direct rights over the insurer’s assets. The regulatory focus therefore rests on the insurer’s financial strength and creditworthiness as counterparty.

The Growing Role of Independent Credit Ratings

A key consequence of this approach is the increasing importance of independent insurer credit ratings.

Under the CRR framework:

  • Insurers with stronger external credit ratings attract lower risk weights
  • Lower risk weights reduce the capital a bank must hold against the loan
  • This can support more favourable lending terms for clients, including pricing and margins

By contrast, insurers without an independent credit rating may fall into higher risk-weight categories. This can result in higher capital charges and less competitive loan conditions.

From a regulatory perspective, the CSSF’s clarification reinforces that credit ratings are not simply a marketing credential. They are a relevant input into how banks assess, structure and price securities-backed lending.

Implications For Advisers and Clients

For advisers working with high-net-worth or internationally mobile clients, this development is a reminder that structuring decisions can have downstream banking consequences.

Where life insurance is intended to support securities-backed lending:

  • The insurer’s credit profile may influence a bank’s willingness to lend and the terms offered
  • Banks are likely to apply greater scrutiny to regulatory capital treatment, particularly in light of supervisory engagement
  • Clients may benefit from understanding how insurer selection affects not only succession and asset protection planning, but also access to liquidity

This is not a change in the law, but a clarification of supervisory expectations. Over time, it may encourage greater consistency in how private banks operating in Luxembourg approach securities-backed lending.

A Broader Regulatory Message

The CSSF’s intervention also reflects a wider regulatory trend towards more consistent application of EU prudential rules and reduced scope for bespoke interpretation.

For advisers, banks and insurers alike, it underlines the importance of monitoring regulatory developments at the intersection of lending, insurance and cross-border planning.

Key Takeaways for Advisers

  • The CSSF has clarified how banks should apply CRR rules to securities‑backed loans secured by pledged life insurance policies.
  • Regulatory capital treatment is based on the credit rating of the insurer, not the policy’s underlying assets or the insurer’s solvency ratio.
  • Insurers with strong independent credit ratings may support more favourable securities‑backed lending terms.
  • This can influence loan pricing, margins and overall capital efficiency for banks.
  • Adviser structuring choices may therefore have direct liquidity and financing implications for clients.
  • The clarification reinforces the importance of understanding regulatory detail where insurance and lending intersect.
Brendan Harper

Brendan Harper
Head of Asia and HNW Technical Services

Des échanges récents de la part du régulateur financier luxembourgeois, la Commission de Surveillance du Secteur Financier (CSSF), ont remis en lumière la manière dont les banques doivent traiter, aux fins du capital réglementaire, les prêts adossés à des titres garantis par des contrats d’assurance-vie.

Dans cet article, Brendan Harper examine une clarification réglementaire qui, bien que technique, a des implications pratiques pour les banques, les conseillers et les clients, en particulier dans un contexte où les notations de crédit des assureurs jouent un rôle de plus en plus central dans les décisions de financement.


Prêts sur titres et contrats d’assurance-vie donnés en garantie

Les financements adossés à des titres continuent de jouer un rôle important dans la banque privée, permettant aux clients de générer de la liquidité tout en conservant des structures d’investissement ou de planification à long terme. Au Luxembourg, cela implique fréquemment qu’un contrat d’assurance-vie soit nanti ou cédé à une banque en garantie du prêt.

Dans le cadre du règlement européen sur les exigences de fonds propres (CRR - Capital Requirements Regulation), les banques doivent calculer un montant d’exposition pondéré par les risques pour ce type de financement. Celui-ci détermine le niveau de capital réglementaire que la banque doit détenir et influence directement l’appétit pour le crédit, la tarification et l’économie globale du prêt.

Les échanges récents avec la CSSF se sont concentrés sur la manière dont ces règles doivent être appliquées lorsque des contrats d’assurance-vie sont utilisés comme garantie.

La position de la CSSF : se concentrer sur l’assureur et non sur les actifs

Bien que la correspondance de la CSSF n’ait pas été rendue publique, son contenu a été confirmé auprès des acteurs du marché et des conseillers. Le régulateur a rappelé à certaines banques privées la bonne application de l’article 232 du CRR lorsque des contrats d’assurance-vie sont donnés en garantie.

La CSSF a remis en question les pratiques consistant à adopter une approche de « look-through » sur les actifs sous-jacents détenus dans le contrat lors de l’évaluation du risque de crédit. L’article 232 prévoit au contraire que les banques substituent le risque de crédit de l’emprunteur par celui de l’organisme d’assurance émettant le contrat.

En pratique, cela signifie que le risque pertinent est la qualité de crédit de l’assureur, et non son ratio de solvabilité ni la composition des actifs d’investissement sous-jacents au contrat.

Cela reflète une réalité juridique et réglementaire. En cas d’insolvabilité de l’assureur, les banques ne disposent pas de droits directs sur les actifs de celui-ci. L’analyse réglementaire se concentre donc sur la solidité financière et la qualité de crédit de l’assureur en tant que contrepartie.

Le rôle croissant des notations de crédit indépendantes

Une conséquence clé de cette approche est l’importance croissante des notations de crédit indépendantes des assureurs.

Dans le cadre du CRR :

  • Les assureurs disposant de notations externes solides se voient appliquer des pondérations de risque plus faibles
  • Des pondérations de risque plus faibles réduisent le capital que la banque doit immobiliser au titre du prêt
  • Cela peut permettre d’offrir des conditions de financement plus favorables aux clients, notamment en termes de tarification et de marges

À l’inverse, les assureurs ne disposant pas de notation de crédit indépendante peuvent être classés dans des catégories de risque plus élevées. Cela peut entraîner des exigences en capital plus importantes et des conditions de financement moins compétitives.

D’un point de vue réglementaire, la clarification apportée par la CSSF confirme que les notations de crédit ne constituent pas uniquement un élément de communication. Elles représentent un facteur pertinent dans la manière dont les banques évaluent, structurent et tarifient les financements adossés à des titres.

Implications pour les conseillers et les clients

Pour les conseillers accompagnant des clients fortunés ou internationalement mobiles, cette évolution rappelle que les décisions de structuration peuvent avoir des conséquences en aval sur les conditions de financement bancaire.

Lorsque l’assurance‑vie est utilisée pour soutenir un financement adossé à des titres :

  • Le profil de crédit de l’assureur peut influencer la volonté d’une banque d’accorder un financement ainsi que les conditions proposées
  • Les banques sont susceptibles d’appliquer un niveau de contrôle accru sur le traitement en capital réglementaire, notamment à la lumière des échanges avec les autorités de supervision
  • Les clients peuvent tirer avantage d’une meilleure compréhension de l’impact du choix de l’assureur, non seulement en matière de transmission et de protection des actifs, mais également en termes d’accès à la liquidité

Il ne s’agit pas d’une évolution du cadre juridique, mais d’une clarification des attentes des autorités de supervision. À terme, cela pourrait conduire à une plus grande cohérence dans la manière dont les banques privées opérant au Luxembourg abordent les prêts sur titres.

Un message réglementaire plus large

L’intervention de la CSSF reflète également une tendance réglementaire plus large visant à assurer une application plus cohérente des règles prudentielles européennes et à limiter les marges d’interprétation spécifiques.

Pour les conseillers, les banques et les assureurs, cela souligne l’importance de suivre les évolutions réglementaires à l’intersection du financement, de l’assurance et de la planification transfrontalière.

Points clés pour les conseillers

  • La CSSF a précisé la manière dont les banques doivent appliquer les règles du CRR aux financements adossés à des titres garantis par des contrats d’assurance-vie donnés en garantie.
  • Le traitement en capital réglementaire repose sur la notation de crédit de l’assureur, et non sur les actifs sous-jacents du contrat ni sur le ratio de solvabilité de l’assureur.
  • Les assureurs bénéficiant de notations de crédit indépendantes solides peuvent permettre des conditions de financement plus favorables.
  • Cela peut influencer la tarification des prêts, les marges et l’efficacité globale en capital pour les banques.
  • Les choix de structuration effectués par les conseillers peuvent donc avoir des implications directes en matière de liquidité et de financement pour les clients.
  • Cette clarification souligne l’importance de bien comprendre les aspects réglementaires à l’interface entre assurance et financement.
Simon Martin

Simon Martin
Head of UK Technical Services

From 18 May 2026, tax advisers who are paid to interact with HM Revenue and Customs (HMRC) on behalf of clients will be required to register with HMRC and meet minimum professional standards.

HMRC has indicated that the new register will strengthen its ability to monitor adviser behaviour and exclude those who fail to meet required standards, forming part of a wider effort to raise standards in the tax advice market.

Who Is Considered a Tax Adviser?

The definition of a tax adviser is intentionally broad. It covers:

Any person or organisation who, in the course of a business, assists other persons with their tax affairs.

For these purposes, assisting a person with their tax affairs includes any of the following activities:

  1. Advising another person in relation to tax
  2. Acting, or purporting to act, as an agent on behalf of another person in relation to tax
  3. Providing assistance with any document that is likely to be relied upon by HMRC to determine another person’s tax position

A person may still fall within the definition of a tax adviser even if:

  • They are appointed indirectly at the request of someone other than the client, or
  • They carry out activities in addition to assisting clients with their tax affairs

The registration requirement also applies to firms and individuals based overseas where they interact with HMRC.

Requirement To Register and Consequences of Non-Compliance

A person or organisation meeting the definition of a tax adviser must not interact with HMRC unless registered.

The registration obligation applies to the legal entity that interacts with HMRC. Individual employees will not need to register separately, although firms must provide details of relevant individuals as part of the process. Registration will take place through an online system, which is currently under development.

For these purposes, interacting with HMRC includes:

  • Contact by telephone or email
  • Sending messages via HMRC websites or portals
  • Filing returns, claims, notices or other documents, electronically or otherwise
  • Any other form of communication with HMRC

Tax advisers who do not hold an Agent Services Account (ASA) will generally be required to register from 18 May 2026, although deadlines may vary depending on the nature of the activity. At the time of writing, the deadline for overseas tax advisers has not yet been confirmed.

Failure to register may result in a compliance notice being issued. Continued interaction with HMRC after a compliance notice has been served can lead to financial penalties, which may apply to the firm and/or the individual.

Exceptions To the Registration Requirement

Certain activities and individuals are exempt from the registration requirement. These include, but are not limited to:

  • Providing tax advice services free of charge, such as through a charity
  • Individuals who interact with HMRC solely in the course of business carried out by their employer
  • Individuals who provide payroll or accounting software and fall within the definition only for that reason
  • Interactions with HMRC in relation to customs duties, excise duties or import VAT
  • VAT representatives and certain group undertakings
  • Interaction with HMRC in connection with an appeal before a court or tribunal relating to an HMRC decision

Standards Advisers Must Meet

Although the draft Finance Bill legislation does not require advisers to be members of a professional body, registration is conditional on meeting defined standards.These include confirmation that the adviser:

  • Has no outstanding tax returns or amounts due
  • Is not subject to an HMRC decision refusing to deal with them
  • Is not subject to sanctions under tax anti-avoidance measures
  • Is not disqualified from acting as a director in the UK or overseas
  • Is not insolvent
  • Has no unspent convictions for fraud or tax-related offences

In addition, advisers must:

  • Be registered for anti-money laundering (AML) supervision, and
  • Ensure that both the adviser and each senior manager meet HMRC’s published standards for dealings with HMRC

What Advisers Should Do Now

Advisers should consider whether their activities involve interaction with HMRC that will trigger the new registration requirement. Early review is advisable, particularly where services are provided across borders or through complex structures.

Failure to register, or to meet the required standards, may result in financial penalties and restrictions on future dealings with HMRC.

Further guidance is available from professional bodies, including the Association of Tax Technicians (ATT) and the Chartered Institute of Taxation (CIOT).

The current draft legislation can be accessed here:
https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/modernising-and-mandating-tax-adviser-registration-with-hmrc/draft-legislation-accessible-version

Key Takeaways for Advisers

  • Assess whether your activities fall within scope. Advisers who are paid to interact with HMRC on behalf of clients should review whether their services meet the broad statutory definition of a tax adviser.
  • Confirm registration requirements early. From 18 May 2026, unregistered advisers must not interact with HMRC, and registration applies at the level of the legal entity rather than individual employees.
  • Review cross-border arrangements. Overseas-based advisers interacting with HMRC are subject to the same requirements, and deadlines may differ depending on activity.
  • Check internal governance and standards. Advisers should ensure there are no outstanding tax liabilities, sanctions or disqualifications that could prevent registration.
  • Plan for operational change. Firms should prepare for the new online registration system, identify relevant individuals, and monitor further HMRC guidance on practical implementation.

Technical Spotlight

Life Insurance at the Centre of Holistic Wealth Planning

This quarter’s Technical Spotlight explores why life insurance sits at the centre of holistic wealth planning, using insights from France, Portugal, Sweden, Asia and the UK to show how a single, adaptable structure can bring coherence to complex cross-border plans.

Brendan Harper

Brendan Harper
Head of Asia and HNW Technical Services

Why Fragmented Planning Fails, and Why Life Insurance Matters in Holistic Planning

Brendan Harper explores why life insurance is increasingly positioned at the heart of effective wealth planning for high-net-worth families.

Drawing on insights from multiple markets, he explains how insurance-based wealth solutions can bring structure, portability and coherence to complex, cross-border wealth strategies.

France: Using Life Insurance to Create Order in French Succession Planning

Nicolas Morhun

Nicolas Morhun
Senior Wealth Planner, Associate Director – France

Alexandra Habermann

Alexandra Habermann
Wealth Planner - France

Portugal: Bringing Succession and Tax into One Structure

Mafalda Moura Cesário

Mafalda Moura Cesário
Head of Tax and Legal – Portugal/Brazil

Sweden: Why Pre-Planning Makes the Difference

Roberth Josefsson

Roberth Josefsson
Senior Wealth Planner – Sweden

Asia: Why Asian Families Need a Central Anchor for Complex Wealth

Peter Tung

Peter Tung
Tax and Legal Counsel – Asia

UK: Why Holistic Planning Matters for UK Clients

Lana Jarvis

Lana Jarvis
Senior Wealth Planner – UK

Brendan Harper

Brendan Harper
Head of Asia and HNW Technical Services

Modern wealth planning for high-net-worth families is characterised by growing complexity. Clients often hold diverse asset types, lead cross-border lives and face evolving tax, regulatory and succession challenges over time. Against this backdrop, structures designed in isolation or with a single jurisdiction in mind frequently fail to deliver sustainable outcomes.

Life insurance increasingly sits at the centre of a holistic wealth planning strategy, acting as a unifying framework capable of addressing multiple planning needs through a single, adaptable structure. The supporting articles in this edition, drawn from several of Utmost’s core markets illustrate how this principle applies in practice across differing jurisdictions and client circumstances.

Across markets where Utmost is active, common planning needs continue to emerge. These include:

  • Liquidity and family protection
  • Global mobility and portability
  • Seamless wealth transfer
  • Tax planning and simplified tax compliance
  • Adaptation to changing personal or regulatory circumstances

Few planning structures can address all these needs in a coordinated and efficient way. More commonly, they are tackled separately, resulting in fragmented planning and, often, unintended consequences.

Below I consider how such fragmentation can arise, and why an insurance-based wealth solution can often provide a more effective solution.

Liquidity and Family Protection

Liquidity is frequently sourced through borrowing against existing assets. However, loan-to-value ratios may be constrained where assets are held directly, particularly where portfolios include illiquid or complex investments. By contrast, restructuring assets into an insurance-based solution can facilitate higher levels of borrowing, as lenders are able to rely on the insurer’s credit rating when assessing capital requirements.

Family protection is often addressed separately through so-called high-net-worth insurance solutions, such as universal life or indexed universal life policies. These typically accept only cash premiums or very liquid assets and involve transferring capital to the insurer, resulting in a loss of investor control. From an asset manager’s perspective, this can also lead to a reduction in assets under management.

A variable universal life policy offers a more integrated approach. Existing investment mandates can often be retained, investment returns can be used to fund life cover, and private assets may also be incorporated. This allows protection to be embedded within the wider wealth strategy, preserving adviser and asset manager relationships while maintaining flexibility to adjust cover as client priorities change.

Global Mobility and Portability

Planning structures are often designed with a client’s current jurisdiction in mind. Increasing international mobility means that purely local solutions can unravel when cross-border elements arise. This can result in exposure to anti-avoidance regimes, conflicts of law or additional tax and reporting obligations.

Life insurance, by its nature, operates across jurisdictions. This universality means family members who relocate are more likely to retain their interests in the structure without triggering adverse tax or legal consequences. It provides a level of continuity that many domestic structures struggle to achieve.

Seamless Wealth Transfer

Life insurance facilitates wealth transfer through contractual beneficiary nomination mechanisms. In many jurisdictions, these are recognised in law and may create a separate estate for succession purposes. This allows wealth to pass efficiently and without delay, often avoiding probate and reducing the need for complex succession structures that require clients to relinquish day-to-day control.

Additional benefits can include creditor protection, mitigation of forced heirship rules and, in certain circumstances, reduced inheritance tax exposure.

Tax Planning and Simplified Tax Compliance

The transfer of assets into complex trust or corporate structures does not always produce favourable tax outcomes, particularly where high-tax jurisdictions are involved. On the contrary, such structures may attract targeted anti-avoidance provisions and impose significant compliance burdens.

Life insurance typically operates within its own tax regime, allowing for tax-deferred growth and, in many cases, favourable tax treatment on surrender or death. This can deliver a more predictable and administratively efficient outcome for internationally mobile families.

Adapting to Changing Circumstances

Insurance policies can often be adapted by amending policy terms to reflect changes in residency, family circumstances or tax law. This level of flexibility is rarely available within irrevocable trusts or rigid corporate structures, which may be difficult or impossible to restructure once established.

Case Study Insights

Read the case study, How Planning in Isolation Can Quickly Unravel – a high-net-worth individual wants succession certainty in Dubai while retaining control, but his structure begins to unravel when he later relocates to Portugal and his tax position changes, highlighting the need for an integrated, portable framework.

Visit the Case Study Insights section below, or click here.

Key Takeaways for Advisers

  • Take a holistic starting point, considering asset types, control, succession, taxation and cross-border implications together rather than in silos.
  • Avoid planning in isolation or with a single jurisdiction in mind. Local solutions can create complexity and inefficiency elsewhere as client circumstances evolve.
  • Position insurance-based wealth solutions as a central framework, using them to coordinate multiple planning objectives within a coherent, long-term strategy.
Brendan Harper

Brendan Harper
Head of Asia and HNW Technical Services

Brendan Harper analyse pourquoi l’assurance-vie est de plus en plus positionnée au cœur d’une planification patrimoniale efficace pour les familles fortunées.

S’appuyant sur des observations issues de différents marchés, il explique comment les solutions patrimoniales basées sur l’assurance peuvent apporter structure, portabilité et cohérence à des stratégies patrimoniales internationales complexes.


La planification patrimoniale moderne des clients fortunés se caractérise par une complexité croissante. Les clients détiennent souvent des actifs diversifiés, mènent des vies transfrontalières et sont confrontés à des enjeux évolutifs en matière de fiscalité, de réglementation et de transmission au fil du temps. Dans ce contexte, les structures conçues de manière isolée ou en fonction d’une seule juridiction ne permettent souvent pas d’atteindre des résultats durables.

L’assurance-vie occupe de plus en plus une place centrale dans une stratégie globale de planification patrimoniale, en agissant comme un cadre structurant capable de répondre à de multiples besoins de planification au sein d’une structure unique et adaptable. Les articles associés dans cette édition, issus de plusieurs marchés clés d’Utmost, illustrent la manière dont ce principe s’applique concrètement dans différentes juridictions et selon les situations des clients.

Sur les marchés où Utmost est présent, des besoins de planification communs continuent d’émerger. Ceux-ci incluent :

  • La liquidité et la protection de la famille
  • La mobilité internationale et la portabilité
  • La transmission du patrimoine
  • La planification fiscale et la simplification des obligations fiscales
  • L’adaptation à l’évolution des situations personnelles ou réglementaires

Peu de structures de planification permettent de répondre à l’ensemble de ces besoins de manière coordonnée et efficace. Le plus souvent, ils sont traités séparément, ce qui conduit à une planification fragmentée et, fréquemment, à des conséquences non souhaitées.

Les sections ci-dessous examinent comment cette fragmentation peut apparaître et pourquoi une solution patrimoniale basée sur l’assurance peut souvent offrir une réponse plus efficace.

Liquidité et protection de la famille

La liquidité est souvent obtenue par le biais d’un financement adossé aux actifs existants. Toutefois, les ratios de prêt peuvent être limités lorsque les actifs sont détenus en direct, en particulier lorsque les portefeuilles incluent des investissements illiquides ou complexes. À l’inverse, la restructuration des actifs au sein d’une solution basée sur l’assurance peut permettre des niveaux d’endettement plus élevés, les prêteurs pouvant s’appuyer sur la notation de crédit de l’assureur pour évaluer leurs exigences en capital.

La protection de la famille est souvent traitée séparément au moyen de solutions dites d’assurance pour clients fortunés, telles que les contrats universal life ou indexed universal life. Ces solutions n’acceptent généralement que des primes en numéraire ou des actifs très liquides et impliquent un transfert de capital à l’assureur, entraînant une perte de contrôle pour l’investisseur. Du point de vue du gestionnaire d’actifs, cela peut également conduire à une diminution des actifs sous gestion.

Un contrat de type variable universal life offre une approche plus intégrée. Les mandats d’investissement existants peuvent souvent être conservés, les rendements peuvent être utilisés pour financer la couverture, et des actifs privés peuvent également être intégrés. Cela permet d’intégrer la protection au sein de la stratégie patrimoniale globale, tout en préservant les relations avec les conseillers et les gestionnaires d’actifs et en maintenant la flexibilité nécessaire pour ajuster la couverture en fonction de l’évolution des priorités du client.

Mobilité internationale et portabilité

Les structures de planification sont souvent conçues en fonction de la juridiction actuelle du client. L’augmentation de la mobilité internationale signifie que les solutions purement locales peuvent se fragiliser lorsque des éléments transfrontaliers apparaissent. Cela peut entraîner une exposition à des dispositifs anti-abus, des conflits de lois ou des obligations fiscales et déclaratives supplémentaires.

L’assurance-vie, par nature, s’inscrit dans un cadre international. Cette universalité signifie que les membres de la famille qui changent de résidence sont plus susceptibles de conserver leurs droits dans la structure sans déclencher de conséquences fiscales ou juridiques défavorables. Elle offre un niveau de continuité que de nombreuses structures domestiques peinent à atteindre.

Transmission du patrimoine

L’assurance-vie permet la transmission du patrimoine grâce à des mécanismes contractuels de désignation de bénéficiaires. Dans de nombreuses juridictions, ces mécanismes sont reconnus en droit et peuvent constituer une masse distincte à des fins successorales. Cela permet une transmission efficace et sans délai, souvent en évitant les procédures successorales et en réduisant le recours à des structures complexes nécessitant un abandon du contrôle au quotidien par le client.

Parmi les avantages complémentaires peuvent figurer la protection contre les créanciers, l’atténuation des règles de réserve héréditaire et, dans certaines situations, une réduction de l’exposition aux droits de succession.

Planification fiscale et simplification des obligations fiscales

Le transfert d’actifs dans des structures complexes de type trust ou sociétés ne produit pas toujours des résultats fiscaux favorables, en particulier dans les juridictions à forte fiscalité. Au contraire, ces structures peuvent être visées par des dispositifs anti-abus spécifiques et générer des obligations déclaratives importantes.

L’assurance-vie fonctionne généralement dans un cadre fiscal propre, permettant une capitalisation avec différé d’imposition et, dans de nombreux cas, un traitement fiscal favorable lors du rachat ou du décès. Cela peut offrir un résultat plus prévisible et plus efficient sur le plan administratif pour les familles internationales.

Adaptation à l’évolution des situations

Les contrats d’assurance peuvent souvent être adaptés par modification des conditions contractuelles afin de refléter les changements de résidence, de situation familiale ou de cadre fiscal. Ce niveau de flexibilité est rarement disponible dans des structures irrévocables telles que les trusts ou certaines structures sociétaires, qui peuvent être difficiles, voire impossibles, à restructurer une fois mises en place.

Étude de cas

Lisez l’étude de cas Comment une planification menée de manière isolée peut rapidement se fragiliser – une personne fortunée souhaite sécuriser sa transmission à Dubaï tout en conservant le contrôle, mais sa structure commence à se fragiliser lorsqu’elle s’installe ultérieurement au Portugal et que sa situation fiscale évolue, mettant en évidence la nécessité d’un cadre intégré et portable.

Consultez la section Étude de cas ci-dessous ou cliquez ici.

Points clés pour les conseillers

  • Adopter une approche globale dès le départ, en considérant ensemble les actifs, le contrôle, la transmission, la fiscalité et les implications transfrontalières.
  • Éviter une planification menée de manière isolée ou centrée sur une seule jurisdiction. Les solutions locales peuvent créer de la compléxité et de l’inefficience ailleurs à mesure que la situation du client évolue.
  • Positionner les solutions patrimoniales basées sur l’assurance comme un cadre central permettant de coordonner plusieurs objectifs de planification au sein d’une stratégie cohérente et de long terme.
Nicolas Morhun

Nicolas Morhun
Senior Wealth Planner, Associate Director – France

Alexandra Habermann

Alexandra Habermann
Wealth Planner - France

In France, wealth planning is often approached through a combination of tax optimisation, civil law structuring and investment management. When these elements are addressed separately, however, the result can be fragmented planning that exposes families to rigidity, inefficiency and unintended consequences over time.

Within this context, the life insurance contract has evolved into a central planning framework capable of addressing several core planning needs through a single, coherent structure. While the tax advantages of French life insurance are well understood, its civil law characteristics and financial flexibility are equally important in explaining its enduring success as a holistic wealth planning tool.

Tax Considerations Within a Holistic Planning Framework

Life insurance offers several well-established tax advantages. When used as part of a broader planning strategy, these benefits can contribute not only to income tax efficiency but also to the management of wider tax exposure.

Tax Treatment During the Lifetime of the Contract

During its lifetime, a life insurance contract offers several favourable tax features, including:

  • Tax deferral: Investment gains are not subject to income tax unless a withdrawal is made, allowing wealth to accumulate without annual income tax leakage.
  • Tax smoothing: Withdrawals are treated as comprising both capital and gains, so only the gain element withdrawn is taxable.
  • Management of high-income taxation: Through the methodology used to determine taxable income, life insurance can assist in managing exposure to the Contribution Différentielle sur les Hauts Revenus (DLHI), which applies where taxable income exceeds €250,000 for a single person or €500,000 for a couple.
  • Reduced social contribution rates: Life insurance continues to benefit from a reduced CSG rate of 9.2%, compared with 10.6% for certain direct financial investments.

While these advantages are significant, their effectiveness is maximised when aligned with succession planning and asset protection objectives. Designing tax solutions in isolation can lead to structures that are difficult to adapt or inefficient when wider planning considerations are taken into account.

Tax Treatment on Death

The tax treatment of capital paid to beneficiaries depends on the policyholder’s age when premiums were paid and on the timing of those payments.

  • Premiums paid before age 70: Each beneficiary benefits from a tax-free allowance of €152,500. The next €700,000 is taxed at 20%, with any excess taxed at 31.25%. By contrast, inheritance tax on assets transferred outside a life policy can reach 45% in direct line and 60% between non-related parties.
  • Premiums paid after age 70: Inheritance tax applies only to the premiums paid, not to the investment gains, which can significantly reduce the taxable base.

Used appropriately, life insurance therefore enables optimisation not only of tax rates but also of taxable values.

Civil Law Benefits and Asset Protection

Although tax considerations often drive the initial use of life insurance in France, its civil law features play a central role in supporting holistic planning outcomes.

Protection From Seizure

A life insurance contract is, by nature, protected from seizure by the policyholder’s creditors, provided the structure is implemented proactively and not in anticipation of financial difficulty. This protection is subject to limited exceptions, including:

  • Clearly exaggerated premiums (Article L132-16 of the French Insurance Code)
  • Claims by the French tax authorities in specific circumstances
  • Criminal investigations

When used correctly, this feature contributes to the robustness of the planning structure.

Freedom of Beneficiary Designation

Life insurance offers significant flexibility in drafting and amending beneficiary clauses throughout the lifetime of the contract. This allows policyholders to adapt their succession planning over time without the cost or rigidity often associated with alternative structures.

Importantly, the value of the policy is transferred outside the deceased’s estate and is not subject to forced heirship rules. This enables a degree of freedom of disposal that is difficult to achieve using traditional estate planning tools alone.

Financial Flexibility and Long-Term Adaptability

Beyond tax and civil law considerations, financial flexibility is a key factor in the enduring relevance of life insurance as a planning tool. Luxembourg and Irish insurers offer a wide range of investment options, including discretionary and advisory mandates.

During the lifetime of the contract, investment strategies can be adjusted, supplemented or replaced without triggering a taxable event, provided investments remain within the insurer’s acceptance policy. This allows the structure to evolve alongside the policyholder’s circumstances, objectives and level of investment sophistication.

Structuring For Holistic Planning in France

French life insurance remains a core pillar of holistic wealth planning, not only for its tax advantages, but for its ability to integrate tax, civil law and financial objectives within a single, adaptable structure.

To ensure solutions are aligned with client objectives and the French legal and regulatory framework, advisers should engage with their Utmost sales representative for further guidance and support when structuring life insurance arrangements.

Key Takeaways for Advisers

  • Use life insurance as a structuring framework. In France, life insurance delivers value not solely through tax advantages, but by integrating tax planning, civil law considerations and investment objectives within a single solution.
  • Avoid fragmented planning approaches. Addressing tax, succession and investment decisions separately can create rigidity, inefficiency and unintended consequences over time.
  • Position life insurance to support long-term outcomes, using it to facilitate succession planning, asset protection and adaptability as client circumstances evolve.
  • Take a joined-up, lifetime view of structuring decisions, assessing how tax, civil law and investment strategies interact over the duration of the arrangement.
Nicolas Morhun

Nicolas Morhun
Senior Wealth Planner, Associate Director

Alexandra Habermann

Alexandra Habermann
Wealth Planner

En France, la planification patrimoniale repose souvent sur une combinaison prenant en compte les aspects fiscaux, civils et de gestion financière. Lorsque ces trois aspects sont traités séparément, il en résulte fréquemment une approche fragmentée, exposant les familles à des rigidités, des inefficiences et des conséquences non anticipées dans le temps.

Dans ce contexte, le contrat d’assurance vie s’est imposé comme une solution offrant un cadre central de planification, capable de répondre à plusieurs besoins fondamentaux au sein d’une structure unique et cohérente. Si les avantages fiscaux de l’assurance vie française sont largement connus et n’ont plus besoin d’être démontrés, ses caractéristiques en droit civil et sa flexibilité financière sont tout aussi déterminantes pour expliquer son succès durable en tant qu’outil de planification patrimoniale holistique.

Les considérations fiscales dans une approche patrimoniale holistique

L’assurance vie offre plusieurs avantages fiscaux bien déterminés. Lorsqu’elle s’inscrit dans une stratégie patrimoniale globale, elle contribue non seulement à l’efficience fiscale en matière d’impôt sur le revenu, mais également à la gestion d’une exposition fiscale plus large.

Traitement fiscal pendant la durée du contrat

Durant la vie du contrat, l’assurance vie présente de nombreux avantages fiscaux parmi lesquels :

  • Différé d’imposition : les gains générés ne sont pas soumis à l’impôt sur le revenu en l’absence de rachat, permettant une capitalisation.
  • Lissage de l’imposition : les rachats sont composés à la fois par une part de capital et une part de gains, de sorte que seule la quote part correspondant aux gains est imposable.
  • Gestion des hauts revenus : compte-tenu des modalités de détermination du revenu imposable, l’assurance vie peut contribuer à maîtriser l’exposition à la Contribution Différentielle sur les Hauts Revenus (CDHR), applicable lorsque le revenu fiscal de référence dépasse 250 000 € pour une personne seule ou 500 000 € pour un couple.
  • Taux réduits de prélèvements sociaux : l’assurance vie continue de bénéficier d’un taux de CSG réduit à 9,2 %, contre 10,6 % pour certains investissements financiers détenus en direct.

Si ces avantages sont significatifs, leur efficacité est maximale lorsqu’ils sont alignés avec des objectifs de transmission et de protection du patrimoine. Concevoir une solution fiscale isolée peut conduire à des structures difficiles à faire évoluer ou inefficaces lorsque les autres aspects de la planification patrimoniale ne sont pas prises en compte.

Traitement fiscal en cas de décès

La fiscalité applicable aux capitaux décès versés aux bénéficiaires, dépend de l’âge du souscripteur au moment du versement des primes, ainsi que de la date à laquelle ces versements ont été effectués.

  • Primes versées avant 70 ans : chaque bénéficiaire dispose d’un abattement de 152 500 € en exonération totale. La fraction comprise entre 152 500 € et 700 000 € est imposée au taux de 20,00 %, et la part excédentaire au taux de 31,25 %. À titre de comparaison, les droits de succession applicables aux actifs transmis hors assurance vie peuvent atteindre 45 % en ligne directe et 60 % entre personnes sans lien de parenté.
  • Primes versées après 70 ans : les droits de succession ne portent que sur le montant des primes versées, à l’exclusion des produits capitalisés, ce qui peut réduire d’autant la base imposable.

Utilisée de manière appropriée, l’assurance vie permet ainsi d’optimiser non seulement les taux d’imposition, mais également la base taxable.

Avantages en droit civil et protection des actifs

Si les considérations fiscales sont souvent la motivation principale au recours à l’assurance vie en France, ses caractéristiques en droit civil jouent un rôle central dans la la mise en place d’une planification patrimoniale globale optimisée.

Protection contre les saisies

Par principe, le contrat d’assurance vie est protégé contre les poursuites des créanciers du souscripteur, à condition que sa mise en place intervienne de manière anticipée et non dans un contexte de difficultés financières. Ce principe connaît toutefois certaines exceptions, notamment en cas de :

  • primes manifestement exagérées (article L132 16 du Code des assurances) ;
  • d’actions exercées par l’administration fiscale française dans des situations spécifiques (loi n° 2013-1117 du 6 décembre 2013);
  • de procédures liées à des enquêtes pénales.

Bien utilisé, cette protection renforce la solidité de la structuration patrimoniale.

Liberté de désignation des bénéficiaires

L’assurance vie offre une grande souplesse quant à la rédaction et la modification de la clause bénéficiaire tout au long de la vie du contrat. Elle permet ainsi d’adapter la transmission du patrimoine au fil du temps, sans supporter ni les coûts, ni les rigidités souvent associés à d’autres solutions patrimoniales.

Il est essentiel de souligner que les capitaux d’assurance vie sont transmis hors succession et ne sont pas soumis aux règles de la réserve héréditaire. Cette caractéristique confère une liberté de disposition difficile à obtenir par les seuls outils successoraux traditionnels.

Flexibilité financière et adaptabilité a long terme

Au delà des considérations fiscales et civiles, la flexibilité financière constitue un facteur clé de la pertinence de l’assurance vie comme outil de planification patrimoniale. Les assureurs luxembourgeois et irlandais proposent une large palette de solutions d’investissement, incluant des mandats discrétionnaires ou conseillés.

En cours de vie du contrat, les stratégies d’investissement peuvent être ajustées, complétées ou remplacées sans être un fait générateur d’impôt, sous réserve que les supports retenus respectent la politique d’acceptation de l’assureur. Cette souplesse permet à la structure de suivre l’évolution de la situation personnelle du souscripteur, de ses objectifs et de son niveau de sophistication patrimoniale.

Structurer une planification patrimoniale globale en france

L’assurance vie française demeure un pilier central de la planification patrimoniale holistique, non seulement en raison de ses avantages fiscaux, mais aussi en raison de la possibilité qu’elle offred’intégrer des objectifs fiscaux, civils et financiers au sein d’une structure unique et évolutive.

Afin de s’assurer que les solutions mises en place sont pleinement alignées avec les objectifs des clients et avec le cadre juridique et réglementaire français, il est recommandé aux conseillers d’échanger avec leur représentant commercial Utmost pour bénéficier d’un accompagnement personnalisé et de conseils sur-mesure adaptés lors de la structuration des contrats d’assurance vie.

Points clés pour les conseillers

  • Utiliser l’assurance vie comme cadre de structuration. En France, l’assurance vie tire sa force non seulement des avantages fiscaux qu’elle offre, mais aussi de sa capacité à intégrer fiscalité, droit civil et objectifs financiers au sein d’une seule et même solution.
  • Éviter les approches fragmentées. Traiter séparément les dimensions fiscale, successorale et financière peut générer rigidité, inefficience et effets indésirables dans le temps.
  • Positionner l’assurance vie au service d’objectifs de long terme, en l’utilisant comme un levier de transmission, de protection des actifs et d’adaptabilité à mesure que la situation des clients évolue au fil du temps.
  • Adopter une vision globale et long terme, en analysant l’interaction entre les aspects fiscaux, civils et la stratégie d’investissement tout au long de la vie du produit.
Mafalda Moura Cesário

Mafalda Moura Cesário
Head of Tax and Legal – Portugal/Brazil

Portugal has long attracted internationally mobile individuals, entrepreneurs and retirees seeking a stable environment in which to live, invest and plan for the future. As client profiles have become more international and asset bases more diverse, the need for cohesive, forward-looking wealth planning has increased significantly.

In this context, unit-linked life insurance policies have evolved into a valuable holistic planning framework. They can bring together investment, protection and estate planning objectives within a single structure. This is particularly relevant in Portugal’s post-NHR environment, where planning decisions increasingly need to account for long-term flexibility, cross-border considerations and regulatory change.

A Flexible Investment and Protection Solution

Unit-linked life insurance policies combine two core elements of wealth planning: investment and protection. Unlike traditional insurance contracts offering fixed or predefined returns, unit-linked policies are linked to underlying investments, allowing policy values to rise or fall in line with asset performance.

This hybrid structure enables advisers to address multiple objectives within a single policy, including:

  • investment diversification
  • long-term capital growth
  • estate and succession planning

By addressing these objectives together rather than in isolation, unit-linked policies can help reduce the fragmentation that often arises when portfolios are spread across multiple, disconnected structures.

Tax Efficiency Within a Long-Term Planning Framework

One reason unit-linked policies continue to play an important role in Portugal is their tax efficiency when used as part of a long-term strategy.

Investment gains generated within the policy are not taxed until surrender. This allows policyholders to benefit from tax deferral and encourages a more disciplined investment approach. Portugal also rewards long-term holding periods. Depending on the duration of the policy and the structure of premium payments, the effective tax rate on the income element of a surrender can reduce significantly after eight years to 11.2%.

Illustrative example:

If a client realises €100,000 of taxable income on a surrender after eight years of holding the policy, tax at 11.2% would be €11,200. At the standard 28% rate, the tax would be €28,000. The long-term holding therefore results in a tax saving of €16,800 on the gain element alone.

For individuals focused on long-term wealth accumulation rather than short-term market movements, this feature provides both tax efficiency and behavioural discipline.

A Strategic Tool in the Post-NHR Era

Portugal’s wealth planning landscape has shifted following the replacement of the original Non-Habitual Resident (NHR) regime with the more targeted NHR 2.0 framework.

While NHR 2.0 remains attractive, its narrower scope requires internationally mobile individuals to adopt more structured and forward-looking planning solutions. In this environment, unit-linked life insurance policies can provide a practical way to organise investment assets within a single framework that remains adaptable as tax and regulatory conditions evolve.

Under NHR 2.0, qualifying individuals may benefit from favourable treatment on specific categories of foreign-source income, subject to the detailed conditions of the regime. Where a unit-linked policy is issued by a non-Portuguese insurer, qualifying policyholders may also benefit from tax-exempt surrenders, aligning long-term tax efficiency with portability.

By contrast, income sourced from jurisdictions included on Portugal’s blacklisted jurisdictions can be subject to an aggravated tax rate of 35%, rather than the standard 28% applicable to certain categories of capital income. These so-called blacklisted jurisdictions include, for example, the Cayman Islands, British Virgin Islands and Panama, among others.

For advisers, this distinction is critical. Where client portfolios include exposure to assets or structures linked to blacklisted jurisdictions, insurance-based structuring can play an important role in managing both tax exposure and compliance complexity within the post-NHR framework.

Using a unit-linked policy as an umbrella therefore remains a valuable structuring approach, particularly for internationally mobile clients navigating a more targeted and technically demanding regime.

Estate Planning and Cross-Border Wealth Transfer

Beyond investment considerations, unit-linked life insurance plays a central role in succession planning for families resident in, or connected to, Portugal.

Death benefits are typically paid directly to designated beneficiaries rather than passing through the deceased’s estate. This can simplify inheritance planning, improve liquidity on death and reduce administrative complexity, particularly for internationally mobile families with assets and heirs in multiple jurisdictions.

Crucially, life insurance can also support post-mortem control. Death benefit settlement can be structured to allow for deferred or controlled distribution, rather than a single lump-sum payment. This enables advisers to align the timing and manner of payment with family governance objectives, beneficiary maturity and cross-border considerations.

For families with younger beneficiaries, blended family dynamics or significant international exposure, this ability to manage how and when wealth is transferred can be as important as who ultimately receives it. In this way, life insurance allows succession planning to be integrated into the broader wealth structure, rather than treated as a one-off event.

Flexibility In a Changing World

A core principle of holistic wealth planning is adaptability. Personal circumstances, family structures, tax rules and investment objectives inevitably evolve over time.

Unit-linked policies offer a high degree of flexibility. Policyholders can adjust investment allocations, switch funds and update beneficiary designations as circumstances change. Provided investments remain within the insurer’s acceptance policy, these adjustments can usually be made without triggering a taxable event.

This ability to evolve over time distinguishes life insurance from more rigid planning structures, which may be difficult or costly to amend once established.

The Role of Life Insurance in Holistic Wealth Planning

As wealth planning becomes more interconnected, demand for integrated, long-term solutions continues to grow. In Portugal’s evolving tax and regulatory landscape, unit-linked life insurance policies provide a practical way to align investment growth, tax efficiency, succession planning and flexibility within a single framework.

Rather than functioning solely as an investment or tax tool, life insurance is increasingly positioned as a cornerstone of holistic wealth planning for Portuguese residents and internationally mobile individuals alike.

Further reading on NHR 2.0

For a practical overview of eligibility, key deadlines and planning points for advisers. Read this article from Navigator Winter 2026:
Portugal: Understanding the New Inpatriate Regime (NIR) After the End of NHR

Key Takeaways for Advisers

  • Use life insurance to manage post‑NHR uncertainty by bringing tax, succession and mobility considerations into a single, adaptable structure.
  • Position life insurance as the planning anchor, allowing investment strategy, beneficiary design and post-mortem outcomes to be aligned over time without triggering taxable events.
  • Incorporate post‑mortem control into succession planning, using life insurance to manage how and when wealth is distributed, particularly for younger beneficiaries, blended families or cross‑border situations.
  • Frame consolidation as risk management, reducing fragmentation while supporting more robust and predictable outcomes for internationally mobile clients.
Mafalda Moura Cesário

Mafalda Moura Cesário
Head of Tax and Legal – Portugal/Brasil

Portugal tem atraído, há vários anos, indivíduos com mobilidade internacional, empresários e reformados que procuram um ambiente estável para viver, investir e planear o futuro. Com a internacionalização do perfil dos clientes e a diversificação dos seus ativos, a necessidade de um planeamento patrimonial coeso e voltado para o futuro aumentou significativamente.

Neste contexto, as apólices de seguro de vida unit linked evoluíram para uma estrutura de planeamento holístico valiosa. Permitem integrar objetivos de investimento, proteção e planeamento sucessório numa única estrutura. Esta abordagem é particularmente relevante no contexto pós RNH em Portugal, onde as decisões de planeamento exigem cada vez mais flexibilidade a longo prazo, atenção às questões transfronteiriças e adaptação à evolução regulamentar.

Uma Solução Flexível De Investimento e Proteção

As apólices de seguro de vida unit linked combinam dois elementos fundamentais do planeamento patrimonial: investimento e proteção. Ao contrário dos contratos de seguro tradicionais, que oferecem rendimentos fixos ou predefinidos, as apólices unit linked estão ligadas a investimentos subjacentes, permitindo que o valor da apólice evolua em função do desempenho dos ativos.

Esta estrutura híbrida permite aos consultores abordar vários objetivos num único contrato, incluindo:

  • diversificação de investimentos;
  • crescimento de capital a longo prazo;
  • planeamento sucessório e patrimonial.

Ao tratar estes objetivos de forma integrada, em vez de isolada, as apólices unit linked ajudam a reduzir a fragmentação que frequentemente resulta da dispersão do património por várias estruturas desconexas.

Eficiência Fiscal Num Enquadramento De Planeamento a Longo Prazo

Uma das razões pelas quais as apólices unit linked continuam a desempenhar um papel relevante em Portugal é a sua eficiência fiscal quando integradas numa estratégia de longo prazo.

Os rendimentos gerados no seio da apólice não são tributados até ao momento do resgate. Isto permite aos investidores beneficiar de um diferimento da tributação e favorece uma abordagem de investimento mais disciplinada.

Portugal também premeia períodos de investimento de longo prazo. Dependendo da duração da apólice e da estrutura de pagamento dos prémios, a taxa efetiva de imposto sobre o rendimento resultante de um resgate pode reduzir significativamente para 11,2% após oito anos.

Exemplo ilustrativo:

Se um cliente obtiver um ganho de rendimento tributável de € 100.000 com o resgate de uma apólice após oito anos de detenção da apólice, o imposto correspondente a 11,2% seria de € 11.200. À taxa não reduzida de 28%, o imposto seria de € 28.000. Portanto, no longo prazo, somente no elemento do ganho, a detenção da apólice resulta numa poupança fiscal de € 16.800.

Para investidores focados na acumulação patrimonial de longo prazo, e não em movimentos de curto prazo do mercado, esta característica oferece simultaneamente eficiência fiscal e disciplina comportamental.

Uma Ferramenta Estratégica no Período Pós RNH

O enquadramento do planeamento patrimonial em Portugal sofreu alterações significativas com a substituição do regime original dos Residentes Não Habituais (RNH) pelo regime RNH 2.0.

Embora o regime dos NHR 2.0 continue a ser atrativo, o seu âmbito mais restrito exige que os indivíduos internacionalmente móveis adotem soluções de planeamento mais estruturadas e prospetivas. Neste contexto, as apólices de seguro unit linked podem oferecer uma forma descomplicada de organizar ativos de investimento numa estrutura única que permanece adaptável à medida que as condições tributárias e regulatórias evoluem.

Ao abrigo dos RNH 2.0, os indivíduos elegíveis podem beneficiar de um tratamento favorável em categorias específicas de rendimentos de origem estrangeira, sujeitos às condições especificadas no regime. Quando uma apólice de seguro de vida com componente de investimento é emitida por uma seguradora não portuguesa, os tomadores de apólices elegíveis podem também beneficiar de resgates isentos de impostos, alinhando a eficiência fiscal a longo prazo com a portabilidade.

Em contrapartida, os rendimentos provenientes de jurisdições incluídas na lista de paraísos fiscais, que englobam territórios com "regimes fiscais claramente mais favoráveis", podem estar sujeitos a uma taxa de imposto agravada de 35%, em vez dos 28% aplicáveis a determinadas categorias de rendimentos de capital.

Estes paraísos fiscais incluem, por exemplo, as Ilhas Caimão, as Ilhas Virgens Britânicas e o Panamá, entre outras.

Para os consultores, esta distinção é crucial. Quando as carteiras dos clientes incluem exposição a ativos ou estruturas ligadas a jurisdições constante da lista de paraísos fiscais, a estruturação baseada em seguros pode desempenhar um papel importante na gestão da exposição fiscal e da complexidade do cumprimento das normas no âmbito do regime pós-RNH.

Utilizar uma apólice de seguro de vida unit-linked como proteção continua, portanto, a ser uma abordagem de estruturação valiosa, especialmente para clientes com mobilidade internacional que operam num regime mais direcionado e tecnicamente exigente.

Planeamento Sucessório e Transmissão Patrimonial Transfronteiriça

Para além das considerações de investimento, o seguro de vida unit linked desempenha um papel importante no planeamento sucessório de famílias residentes em Portugal ou com ligações ao país.

As prestações por morte são, em regra, pagas diretamente aos beneficiários designados, sem integrarem a habelitação de herdeiros do falecido. Este mecanismo pode simplificar o planeamento sucessório, melhorar a liquidez no momento do óbito e reduzir a complexidade administrativa, especialmente para famílias internacionalmente móveis com ativos e herdeiros em várias jurisdições.

Fundamentalmente, o seguro de vida também pode auxiliar no controle pós-morte. O pagamento do benefício por morte pode ser estruturado para permitir a distribuição diferida ou controlada, em vez de um pagamento único. Isso permite que os consultores alinhem o momento e a forma de pagamento com os objetivos de gestão familiar, a maturidade do beneficiário e as considerações internacionais.

Para famílias com beneficiários mais jovens, dinâmicas familiares complexas ou significativa exposição internacional, a capacidade de gerir como e quando o património é transferido pode ser tão importante quanto quem o recebe em última instância. Dessa forma, o seguro de vida permite que o planeamento sucessório seja integrado na estrutura patrimonial mais ampla, em vez de ser tratado como um evento isolado.

Flexibilidade Num Mundo Em Constante Mudança

Um princípio essencial do planeamento patrimonial holístico é a adaptabilidade. As circunstâncias pessoais, as estruturas familiares, as regras fiscais e os objetivos de investimento evoluem inevitavelmente ao longo do tempo.

As apólices unit linked oferecem um elevado grau de flexibilidade. Os titulares podem ajustar a alocação de investimentos, efetuar trocas entre fundos e atualizar as designações de beneficiários à medida que as suas circunstâncias mudam. Desde que os investimentos permaneçam dentro da política de aceitação da seguradora, estas alterações podem, regra geral, ser realizadas sem desencadear um evento tributável.

Esta capacidade de adaptação distingue o seguro de vida de estruturas mais rígidas, que podem ser difíceis ou dispendiosas de alterar após a sua constituição.

O Papel do Seguro De Vida no Planeamento Patrimonial Holístico

À medida que o planeamento patrimonial se torna cada vez mais integrado, a procura por soluções de longo prazo e abrangentes continua a crescer. No contexto fiscal e regulamentar em evolução em Portugal, as apólices de seguro de vida unit linked oferecem uma forma prática de alinhar o crescimento do investimento, eficiência fiscal, planeamento sucessório e flexibilidade num único enquadramento.

Em vez de funcionar apenas como um instrumento de investimento ou fiscal, o seguro de vida é cada vez mais assumido como um pilar central do planeamento patrimonial holístico, tanto para residentes em Portugal como para indivíduos internacionalmente móveis.

Principais Conclusões para-Os Consultores

  • Utilizar o seguro de vida para gerir a incerteza do período pós RNH, integrando considerações fiscais, sucessórias e de mobilidade numa única estrutura adaptável.
  • Posicionar o seguro de vida como o eixo central do planeamento, permitindo alterações de estratégia de investimento, nomeação de beneficiários e alinhamento de resultado pós-morte ao longo do tempo, sem desencadear eventos tributáveis.
  • Incorporação do controle pós-morte no planeamento sucessório, utilizando o seguro de vida para gerir como e quando o património será distribuído, especialmente para beneficiários mais jovens, famílias reconstituídas ou situações transfronteiriças.
  • Enquadrar a consolidação como gestão de risco, reduzindo a fragmentação e apoiando resultados mais robustos e previsíves para clientes internacionalmente móveis.
Roberth Josefsson

Roberth Josefsson
Senior Wealth Planner – Sweden

Swedes are a highly mobile population, moving abroad and returning to Sweden more frequently than many of their Nordic neighbours. While international mobility offers lifestyle and professional opportunities, it also introduces complexity across banking, investments, taxation and succession planning.

In this context, insurance-based solutions increasingly serve as a central planning framework, allowing advisers to manage cross-border investment, tax and succession considerations within a single, coherent structure. When planning is approached in a fragmented way, clients may be exposed to unintended tax consequences, compliance failures and unnecessary complexity.

Cross-Border Mobility: Why Pre-Planning Is Essential

Many Swedish residents already hold domestic life insurance policies or investment savings accounts (ISK accounts), which benefit from Sweden’s preferential yield tax regime. A common misconception is that these vehicles retain their tax and regulatory characteristics when clients relocate abroad. In practice, this is rarely the case.

The criteria for qualifying as a life insurance policy vary significantly between jurisdictions. A Swedish ISK account, for example, is typically treated as an ordinary bank account in other countries. This can result in exposure to local capital income and gains tax while continuing to attract Swedish yield tax, creating a risk of effective double taxation.

To support a successful relocation, planning should therefore take place before the move occurs. Swedish rules allow for the full surrender of a life insurance policy or withdrawal from an ISK account without Swedish taxation, creating an opportunity to restructure wealth in advance. Attempting to adapt an existing contract after relocation is often either not possible or sub-optimal.

Life Insurance as a Central Planning Solution

Although Sweden does not levy inheritance or gift tax, clients relocating abroad are likely to encounter such taxes in their new jurisdiction. Establishing a compliant life insurance policy tailored to local requirements can therefore provide a robust succession planning solution, often with significant tax advantages.

Delivering this successfully requires an insurer with cross-border capability, experience across multiple jurisdictions and the ability to structure compliant solutions internationally. In this way, life insurance can act as an umbrella structure, aligning investment management, tax efficiency and succession planning within a single framework.

Practical Example: Relocating From Sweden to Spain

Consider a Swedish family relocating to Spain. They hold a domestic Swedish life insurance policy and an ISK account. Spanish legislation imposes specific requirements on life insurance contracts that Swedish policies typically do not meet. At the same time, the ISK account would be treated as an ordinary bank account, exposing the family to both Swedish and Spanish taxation.

By surrendering the Swedish arrangements before departure, without triggering Swedish tax, and establishing a locally compliant Spanish life insurance policy after relocation, the family may exit Sweden and enter Spain without immediate taxation. The Spanish policy can then help manage exposure to Spanish capital income tax, wealth tax and inheritance and gift tax, while also supporting structured succession planning.

Returning To Sweden: Continuing The Planning Journey

International mobility does not end with relocation. Many Swedes later return home. Sweden’s abolition of net wealth, inheritance and gift taxes, combined with the option to apply yield tax rather than standard capital income tax, has enhanced the attractiveness of life insurance as an asset-holding structure.

Existing life insurance policies can often be brought back to Sweden without triggering taxation, provided they meet Swedish requirements, including a minimum uncapped life cover of 1%. Sweden also recognises beneficiary designations, reinforcing the role of life insurance as an effective succession planning tool on return.

Here again, pre-planning is essential to ensure the policy qualifies under Swedish rules before re-establishing residency.

The Role of Life Insurance in Holistic Cross-Border Planning

For Swedish clients who move abroad and later return, an insurance-based wealth solution can provide continuity across jurisdictions. By anchoring planning within a flexible, internationally recognised structure, advisers can reduce fragmentation, manage tax exposure and support long-term succession objectives despite changing residency and regulatory environments.

Key Takeaways for Advisers

  • Plan before mobility occurs. Restructuring assets into a compliant life insurance policy before relocation can avoid double taxation and unnecessary complexity.
  • Use life insurance as a cross-border anchor. A life insurance policy can provide continuity across jurisdictions, aligning investment, tax and succession objectives within one structure.
  • Ensure compliance in both directions. Whether clients are leaving or returning to Sweden, confirming that policies meet local qualification rules is essential for preserving tax efficiency.
Roberth Josefsson

Roberth Josefsson
Senior Wealth Planner – Sverige

Svenskar är en mycket mobil befolkning och flyttar utomlands – och återvänder till Sverige – oftare än många av sina nordiska grannar. Även om internationell rörlighet skapar livsstils och yrkesmässiga möjligheter, medför den också ökad komplexitet inom bank, investeringar, beskattning och successionsplanering.

I detta sammanhang fungerar försäkringsbaserade lösningar i allt högre grad som en central planeringsram. De gör det möjligt för rådgivare att hantera gränsöverskridande investerings , skatte och successionsfrågor inom en sammanhållen struktur. När planeringen sker på ett fragmenterat sätt riskerar kunder att drabbas av oavsiktliga skattekonsekvenser, bristande regelefterlevnad och onödig komplexitet.

Gränsöverskridande rörlighet – varför förhandsplanering är avgörande

Många svenska klienter har redan svenska livförsäkringar eller investeringssparkonton (ISK), som omfattas av den svenska schablonbeskattningen. En vanlig missuppfattning är att dessa lösningar behåller sina skattemässiga och regulatoriska egenskaper när klienten flyttar utomlands. I praktiken är detta sällan fallet.

Kriterierna för att ett avtal ska klassificeras som en livförsäkring varierar avsevärt mellan olika länder. Ett svenskt ISK konto behandlas till exempel normalt som ett vanligt bankkonto i andra jurisdiktioner. Detta kan leda till lokal beskattning av kapitalinkomster och kapitalvinster, samtidigt som schablonskatt fortsatt tas ut i Sverige – vilket skapar en risk för faktisk dubbelbeskattning.

För att en utflytt ska bli framgångsrik bör planeringen därför ske innan flytten äger rum. Enligt svenska regler är det möjligt att lösa in en livförsäkring eller ta ut medel från ett ISK utan svensk beskattning, vilket skapar ett tillfälle att omstrukturera tillgångarna i förväg. Att försöka anpassa befintliga lösningar efter utflyttning är ofta antingen inte möjligt eller mindre effektivt.

Livförsäkring som central planeringslösning

Även om Sverige inte tar ut arvsskatt eller gåvoskatt, kommer klienter som flyttar utomlands ofta i kontakt med sådana skatter i sitt nya hemland. Att etablera en lokalt anpassad och regelkonform livförsäkring kan därför utgöra en robust lösning för successionsplanering, ofta med betydande skattemässiga fördelar.

För att lyckas krävs ett försäkringsbolag med tydlig gränsöverskridande kapacitet, erfarenhet från flera jurisdiktioner och förmåga att strukturera internationellt regelefterlevande lösningar. På så sätt kan livförsäkringen fungera som en övergripande struktur där kapitalförvaltning, skatteeffektivitet och successionsplanering samordnas i ett och samma ramverk.

Praktiskt exempel: flytt från Sverige till Spanien

Föreställ dig en svensk familj som flyttar till Spanien. De har en svensk livförsäkring och ett ISK konto. Spansk lagstiftning ställer särskilda krav på livförsäkringar, vilka svenska försäkringar normalt inte uppfyller. Samtidigt behandlas ISK kontot som ett vanligt bankkonto, vilket kan leda till både svensk och spansk beskattning.

Genom att lösa in de svenska lösningarna före utflyttningen – utan att utlösa svensk skatt – och därefter etablera en lokalt anpassad spansk livförsäkring efter inflyttning, kan familjen lämna Sverige och etablera sig i Spanien utan omedelbar beskattning. Den spanska försäkringen kan därefter bidra till att hantera exponering mot spansk kapitalinkomstskatt, förmögenhetsskatt samt arv och gåvoskatt, samtidigt som den stödjer en strukturerad successionsplanering.

Återvända till Sverige – planeringen fortsätter

Internationell rörlighet tar inte slut vid utflyttning. Många svenskar återvänder senare till Sverige. Avskaffandet av förmögenhetsskatt, arvsskatt och gåvoskatt, i kombination med möjligheten att tillämpa schablonbeskattning i stället för traditionell kapitalinkomstskatt, har stärkt livförsäkringens attraktivitet som ägandeform för tillgångar.

Befintliga livförsäkringar kan ofta tas med tillbaka till Sverige utan att utlösa beskattning, förutsatt att de uppfyller svenska krav, inklusive ett minimalt obegränsat livförsäkringsskydd om 1 %. Sverige erkänner även förmånstagarförordnanden, vilket ytterligare förstärker livförsäkringens roll som ett effektivt verktyg för successionsplanering vid återflytt.

Även här är förhandsplanering avgörande, för att säkerställa att försäkringen kvalificerar enligt svenska regler innan bosättningen i Sverige återupptas.

Livförsäkringens roll i holistisk gränsöverskridande planering

För svenska klienter som flyttar utomlands och senare återvänder kan en försäkringsbaserad förmögenhetslösning skapa kontinuitet mellan olika länder. Genom att förankra planeringen i en flexibel och internationellt erkänd struktur kan rådgivare minska fragmentering, hantera skatteexponering och stödja långsiktiga successionsmål – trots förändrade bosättnings och regelverkssituationer.

Viktiga slutsatser för rådgivare

  • Planera före rörlighet. Genom att omstrukturera tillgångar till en regelkonform livförsäkring före utflyttning kan dubbelbeskattning och onödig komplexitet undvikas.
  • Använd livförsäkring som ett gränsöverskridande ankarer. En livförsäkring kan skapa kontinuitet mellan jurisdiktioner och samordna investerings , skatte och successionsmål i en och samma struktur.
  • Säkerställ regelefterlevnad i båda riktningarna. Oavsett om klienten lämnar eller återvänder till Sverige är det avgörande att bekräfta att försäkringslösningar uppfyller lokala kvalificeringskrav för att bevara skatteeffektiviteten.
Peter Tung

Peter Tung
Tax and Legal Counsel – Asia

Asia’s private wealth continues to expand at an unprecedented pace. Driven by China, India and South-East Asia, total private wealth in the region is projected to reach USD 99 trillion by 2029 (BCG). At the same time, Asia is entering its largest intergenerational wealth transfer to date, with trillions expected to pass from founders to heirs, many of whom are internationally mobile and connected to multiple jurisdictions.

Despite this scale, succession and long-term planning remain underdeveloped in parts of the region. In China, for example, estate planning is still culturally unfamiliar. A Tsinghua University study of 67 listed-company founders who died between 2003 and 2024 found that only 9% left a will. High-profile inheritance disputes continue to highlight the risks that arise when wealth accumulates faster than it is structured.

Against this backdrop, life insurance is increasingly used as a central planning framework, allowing families to bring together liquidity management, succession planning and cross-border compliance within a single, coherent structure.

Key Triggers for Revisiting Wealth Structures

Across Asia, advisers are seeing a consistent set of factors prompting families to reassess existing arrangements:

  • Tax transparency: Expanding Common Reporting Standard (CRS) enforcement and economic substance requirements are driving reviews of overseas holding structures and reporting obligations.
  • Succession pressure: Intergenerational wealth transfers, estimated to exceed USD 2 trillion between 2025 and 2035, are exposing gaps in liquidity and estate preparedness.
  • Mobility: Families frequently relocate between jurisdictions such as Hong Kong, Singapore, mainland China and international hubs, increasing the need for portable structures.
  • Regulatory change: Scrutiny of offshore trusts and holding structures is intensifying, particularly where listed and private assets are involved.
  • Asset complexity: Operating businesses, private equity interests and real estate portfolios held across jurisdictions amplify governance and liquidity risk.

When these pressures are addressed individually rather than through an integrated framework, wealth planning often becomes fragmented.

When Planning Becomes Fragmented

In practice, advisers across Asia frequently encounter structures that have developed incrementally over time. These may combine family offices, operating companies and offshore trusts without meaningful integration.

The consequences can include:

  • Inconsistent tax treatment or double reporting
  • Governance failures where founders lose capacity
  • Liquidity shortfalls at succession
  • Increased inheritance disputes
  • Administrative inefficiency and loss of confidentiality

In China, the consequences of fragmented succession planning are becoming increasingly visible. The Economist has observed that a new hereditary elite is emerging, even though formal estate planning remains relatively uncommon. Inheritance-related court judgments have risen sharply in recent years, driven by complex family structures and the absence of valid wills.

These developments reflect a broader regional dynamic. As wealth becomes more concentrated and asset structures more complex, fragmented arrangements struggle to deliver predictability, liquidity and continuity across generations. This reinforces the need for planning frameworks that provide clarity, governance and an orderly transfer of wealth over the long term.

Life Insurance as the Central Planning Anchor

Life insurance offers a balanced and defensible response to these challenges by providing a single structure capable of supporting multiple planning objectives.

Key features include:

  • Consolidation: Integration of diverse assets within one policy framework, reducing reliance on disconnected structures.
  • Continuity and liquidity: Immediate liquidity on death to support inheritances, equalise estates or protect business succession.
  • Beneficiary nomination: Clear designation of heirs, bypassing probate and reducing the scope for dispute.
  • Flexibility: Continued effectiveness across jurisdictions despite changes in residency or regulation.
  • Regulatory defensibility: Established tax, disclosure and succession treatment in many markets.

While trusts and corporate entities continue to play an important role in governance and control, life insurance increasingly operates as the central anchor, with other structures used to complement rather than replace it.

The Role of Life Insurance in Asia’s Evolving Wealth Landscape

Asia’s rapid wealth accumulation is colliding with a succession planning gap, characterised by limited use of wills, rising disputes and significant liquidity risk at generational transition. At the same time, regulatory scrutiny and cross-border mobility are increasing complexity.

In this environment, life insurance provides a portable, compliant and enduring framework that brings liquidity, governance and intergenerational continuity to the centre of holistic wealth planning.

Case Study Insights

Read the case study, Private Succession and Asset Integration Through Insurance-Based Solutions – a successful Chinese business founder with significant IPO wealth wants to protect business continuity for his successor while creating fair outcomes for a second child overseas, all while reducing fragmentation across banks and structures.

Visit the Case Study Insights section below, or click here.

Key Takeaways for Advisers

  • Design structures for mobility and longevity. Life insurance can help maintain continuity as clients move across jurisdictions and generations.
  • Use life insurance to reduce fragmentation. Anchoring planning within a single framework can simplify compliance and succession outcomes.
  • Position insurance as a framework, not a product. Life insurance works most effectively when used as the central coordinating structure, supported by trusts or corporate entities where appropriate.
Lana Jarvis

Lana Jarvis
Senior Wealth Planner – UK

For UK-based and internationally mobile ultra-high-net-worth clients, planning is rarely static. It is typically triggered by change: a liquidity event, a relocation, succession planning or a shift in family dynamics. These moments expose a common underlying issue. Structures built incrementally can lack coherence when viewed as a whole.

Over time, clients often accumulate multiple solutions for different objectives. They may hold trusts, corporate entities, directly held assets and portfolios managed across multiple providers and jurisdictions. Each component may have been sensible in isolation. The challenge is that, collectively, these arrangements can create fragmentation, blind spots and friction at the precise moments when planning is tested.

When Planning Is Tested, Fragmentation Becomes Visible

The issues tend to surface in three situations: succession, mobility and liquidity. This is not necessarily a failure of advice. It is often a consequence of solving problems sequentially, without a single framework that ties the plan together.

1. Governance and decision-making risk

Different structures come with different decision-makers: trustees, directors, investment managers, family members and professional advisers. Where roles and responsibilities are not clearly aligned, decision-making slows. This can create inconsistency, delay and, in some cases, conflict. It also increases operational risk at the point a family needs fast, coordinated action.

2. Duplication, cost and lack of visibility

Clients frequently hold overlapping exposures across multiple vehicles. That reduces transparency and can make it difficult to answer basic questions quickly: What is owned, where is it held, who controls it and how is it accessed? Duplication can also increase cost, particularly where multiple structures require separate administration, reporting and governance.

3. UK tax outcomes are sensitive to residence and structure

UK planning does not operate in isolation. UK tax outcomes can be highly sensitive to residence and to the way assets are held. Where structures involve multiple jurisdictions, changes in residence (for the client or other relevant parties) can materially alter how arrangements are taxed or reported. A structure that works for a UK resident may become inefficient or problematic following relocation, particularly where control, attribution or reporting rules change.

4. Liquidity is often underestimated

Liquidity risk is consistently under-planned. In many cases, UK inheritance tax represents a cash liability that arises at death, while underlying assets may be illiquid or tied up across multiple vehicles. The result is a mismatch between the liability and accessible funds. Even where liquidity exists, delays in administration can be material. The distribution of a UK estate can remain heavily dependent on probate, and cross-border estates can add further complexity and delay.

Why An Insurance-Based Solution Can Act as a Planning Anchor

Used appropriately, a life insurance policy can sit at the centre of a wider plan and address several structural weaknesses created by fragmented arrangements.

Consolidation under a single legal framework

A life insurance policy allows assets to be held centrally under one legal framework. This provides a clear point of coordination across a client’s wealth, rather than relying on multiple disconnected vehicles. Consolidation can improve visibility and reduce duplication, while still allowing the underlying investment strategy to be implemented within defined parameters.

Portability for internationally mobile families

Internationally mobile families often need structures that do not require repeated re-papering as residence changes. A life insurance policy can be designed to accommodate changes in residence without requiring a fundamental reorganisation of underlying assets each time a client moves. This can be a meaningful advantage where families have members in multiple jurisdictions, or where a move is likely over the planning horizon.

A more predictable route to accessing value

A life insurance policy can provide a mechanism through which value may be accessed in a controlled and more predictable way during life and on death. For UK resident clients, taxation is generally triggered by specific events (such as withdrawals, surrender or death), rather than annually on underlying portfolio movements. In addition, the structure can support smoother succession execution by aligning beneficiary planning and liquidity planning within the same framework.

Complementary Tools Still Matter

None of this removes the need for complementary structures. Trusts, companies and directly held assets remain relevant depending on the client’s objectives, asset types and the need for governance or control. An insurance-based solution can help bring these objectives together within a coherent framework, reducing reliance on disconnected arrangements.

It is also important to recognise the increasing focus on confidentiality. Wills may become public on probate, and the value and distribution of assets can become visible. In this context, structures that support discretion, clearly defined roles and orderly wealth transfer can be particularly valuable for ultra-high-net-worth families.

Bringing It Together

For UK clients, fragmented planning creates predictable pressure points: governance friction, uneven tax outcomes and liquidity shortfalls at the wrong time. An insurance-based wealth solution can act as the central anchor, bringing greater coherence, portability and control to complex wealth structures, while complementary tools continue to play their role.

Key Takeaways for Advisers

  • Start with structure, not product. Identify fragmentation risks early and map how the full plan operates across jurisdictions and decision-makers.
  • Plan for UK tax realities. UK outcomes can be highly sensitive to residence and the way assets are held, and inheritance tax may create a cash requirement at death.d
  • Prioritise coherence and liquidity. Ensure clients can access value when it is needed, and that the plan remains workable if circumstances change.
Aidan Golden

Aidan Golden
Head of Group Technical Services

Stephen Atkinson

Stephen Atkinson
Global Head of Sales and Marketing, Utmost

As private market assets move from the margins into the core of high-net-worth portfolios, the structures used to hold them and the governance that supports those structures are coming under increasing scrutiny.

In this interview, Aidan Golden talks to Stephen Atkinson, Global Head of Sales and Marketing at Utmost, about how the expectations of regulatory authorities are evolving, what this means for advisers and trustees, and why good outcomes increasingly depend on how assets are administered, valued and funded over time, not just on what is being invested in.
 

AG : Private markets are now widely seen as a core allocation for HNW investors. What has changed, and why are regulatory authorities paying closer attention?

SA : Private markets have grown up. Ten or fifteen years ago, they were largely the preserve of institutions and a small number of sophisticated family offices. Today, they are a central part of portfolio construction for many high-net-worth and ultra-high-net-worth investors.

From a regulatory perspective, that shift matters. As private assets move from the periphery into the mainstream, the focus broadens from individual investment decisions to the structures and systems supporting those investments. Regulatory authorities are asking whether long-term promises to policyholders are being supported by appropriate governance, valuation discipline and liquidity management.

This is not about discouraging investment in private markets. It is about recognising that these assets behave very differently from listed securities and ensuring the infrastructure holding them is genuinely fit for purpose.

AG : When regulators talk about risk in this context, what risks are they really concerned about?

SA : It is rarely about the investment idea itself. More often, the focus is on how assets are held, governed and managed over time.

Regulators are increasingly concerned with valuation discipline, liquidity management and counterparty strength. Private assets are not priced daily and do not offer predictable exit routes. As a result, the risk sits less in short-term market movements and more in how those assets are administered within a structure.

We are also seeing regulators push back on informal or overly bespoke interpretations of risk. Recent regulatory clarification in other areas of the insurance market reinforces a consistent message. When insurance structures are involved, the focus is firmly on the legal and economic reality of the structure and on the insurer standing behind it, rather than on looking through to underlying assets or assumptions.

That same mindset is now being applied more broadly as private assets become mainstream within wealth structures. Governance, operational capability and financial strength matter just as much as asset selection if long-term outcomes are to be protected.

AG : Liquidity is often misunderstood with private assets. Where do advisers most commonly misjudge it?

SA : The most common mistake is assuming that a product’s liquidity features are the same as the liquidity of the underlying assets.

Some structures appear to offer smoother access or periodic liquidity, but the assets beneath them remain fundamentally illiquid. That mismatch can create pressure if investor behaviour changes or market conditions deteriorate.

Insurance-based structures, by contrast, are inherently long-term. They are designed around extended investment horizons and structured liquidity management, which aligns more closely with the reality of private market investing. That alignment can significantly reduce the risk of forced asset sales during periods of stress.

For advisers, the key is understanding not just when clients can access capital, but how that access is funded and what assumptions sit behind it.

AG : Valuation is another area attracting the attention of regulators. What should advisers and trustees be aware of?

SA : Valuation in private markets is necessarily imperfect, but that does not mean it can be casual.

Advisers and trustees should understand how valuations are produced, how often they are refreshed and how they are challenged. Are independent valuations used? How are model assumptions reviewed? How are valuation lags reflected at policy level?

Within an insurance framework, valuation discipline is reinforced by regulatory capital requirements and governance processes. That does not remove uncertainty, but it does introduce structure, consistency and accountability, which is exactly what regulators are looking for.

AG : Operational capability comes up repeatedly. What differentiates insurers that can safely hold complex assets?

SA : Experience and scale matter a great deal. Holding private assets is not just about custody. It involves managing cashflows, capital calls, distributions, valuations and reporting over many years, often across multiple jurisdictions.

Insurers that have invested in specialist teams, robust operating models and strong external partner networks are far better placed to absorb that complexity without passing unnecessary risk on to clients or trustees.

From an oversight perspective, it is no longer enough to assess an insurer’s financial strength alone. What really matters is whether the insurer has the right operational depth and governance, supported by experienced investment and technical teams, to administer complex assets throughout the life of a policy.

AG : For trustees and advisers, what does “good oversight” look like in practice today?

SA : It does not mean becoming a private markets specialist. But it does mean asking better questions.

Trustees and advisers should expect clear answers on asset eligibility, valuation processes, liquidity management and governance arrangements. They should understand how capital calls are funded, how cash buffers are managed and how risks are monitored over time. Importantly, oversight is shifting from a product-centric exercise to a system-level one. It is about understanding the ecosystem supporting the investment, not just the investment itself.

AG : Are there any red flags advisers should watch for?

SA : Over-promising on liquidity is a major one, as is a lack of transparency around valuation methodology or operational processes.

Another red flag is when complex assets are introduced without a clear explanation of how they will be administered over time. If the operational story is unclear, that is usually a warning sign.

Complex assets can sit very successfully within insurance-based structures, but only when the underlying governance and infrastructure are robust.

AG : Looking ahead, what do you expect to change over the next 12 to 18 months?

SA : I expect regulatory scrutiny to intensify rather than recede. Private markets will continue to grow, and with that growth will come higher expectations around governance, transparency and risk management.

For advisers and trustees, this raises the bar. Structure selection will increasingly become a risk management decision, not just an administrative one. Those who engage proactively with these changes, and who choose partners with proven capability in handling complex assets, will be best placed to deliver sustainable outcomes for their clients.

Private markets offer significant opportunity. The challenge is ensuring they are held in structures that genuinely support their long-term nature.

Key Takeaways for Advisers

  • Private market assets are now a mainstream allocation for high-net-worth and ultra-high-net-worth clients, bringing increased regulatory scrutiny of the structures used to hold them.
  • Regulatory authorities are focusing less on investment ideas and more on governance, valuation discipline, liquidity management and operational capability.
  • Liquidity risk often arises where a structure’s liquidity features do not reflect the underlying private assets held.
  • Valuation processes matter. Advisers should understand how private assets are valued, challenged and refreshed, and how valuation lags are reflected at policy level.
  • An insurer’s operational depth and governance frameworks are becoming as important as financial strength when holding complex assets.
  • Structure selection is increasingly a risk management decision, with long-term outcomes depending on the robustness of the ecosystem supporting private assets.
Aidan Golden

Aidan Golden
Head of Group Technical Services

Stephen Atkinson

Stephen Atkinson
Global Head of Sales and Marketing, Utmost

À mesure que les actifs des marchés privés passent d’une position marginale à une place centrale dans les portefeuilles des clients fortunés, les structures utilisées pour les détenir, ainsi que la gouvernance qui les accompagne, font l’objet d’une attention accrue.

Dans cet entretien, Aidan Golden échange avec Stephen Atkinson, Global Head of Sales and Marketing chez Utmost, sur l’évolution des attentes des autorités de régulation, les implications pour les conseillers et les trustees, et les raisons pour lesquelles la qualité des résultats dépend de plus en plus de la manière dont les actifs sont administrés, valorisés et financés dans le temps, et non uniquement de leur nature.
 

AG : Les marchés privés sont désormais largement considérés comme une allocation centrale pour les clients fortunés. Qu’est-ce qui a changé, et pourquoi les autorités de régulation y prêtent-elles une attention accrue ?

SA : Les marchés privés ont évolué. Il y a dix à quinze ans, ils étaient principalement réservés aux investisseurs institutionnels et à un nombre limité de family offices sophistiqués. Aujourd’hui, ils constituent une composante centrale de la construction de portefeuille pour de nombreux clients fortunés et très fortunés.

Du point de vue réglementaire, cette évolution est significative. À mesure que les actifs privés passent d’une position périphérique à une place centrale, l’attention s’élargit, passant des décisions d’investissement individuelles aux structures et systèmes qui les soutiennent. Les autorités de régulation s’interrogent sur la capacité des dispositifs en place à soutenir les engagements à long terme envers les souscripteurs, notamment en matière de gouvernance, de discipline de valorisation et de gestion de la liquidité.

Il ne s’agit pas de décourager l’investissement dans les marchés privés, mais de reconnaître que ces actifs se comportent de manière très différente des actifs cotés et de s’assurer que les structures qui les accueillent sont réellement adaptées.

AG : Lorsque les régulateurs évoquent les risques dans ce contexte, quels sont les risques concernés ?

SA : Il s’agit rarement de l’investissement lui-même. L’attention porte plus souvent sur la manière dont les actifs sont détenus, encadrés et gérés dans le temps.

Les régulateurs s’intéressent de plus en plus à la discipline de valorisation, à la gestion de la liquidité et à la solidité des contreparties. Les actifs privés ne sont pas valorisés quotidiennement et ne présentent pas de mécanismes de sortie prévisibles. Par conséquent, le risque réside moins dans les fluctuations de marché à court terme que dans la manière dont ces actifs sont administrés au sein d’une structure.

On observe également une remise en question des approches informelles ou excessivement sur mesure en matière d’appréciation du risque. Les récentes clarifications réglementaires dans d’autres segments du marché de l’assurance renforcent un message cohérent : lorsque des structures d’assurance sont impliquées, l’attention se porte avant tout sur la réalité juridique et économique de la structure ainsi que sur l’assureur qui la soutient, plutôt que sur les actifs sous-jacents ou les hypothèses associées.

Ce même raisonnement est désormais appliqué de manière plus large à mesure que les actifs privés deviennent une composante centrale des structures patrimoniales. La gouvernance, les capacités opérationnelles et la solidité financière sont tout aussi déterminantes que la sélection des actifs pour assurer des résultats à long terme.

AG : La liquidité est souvent mal comprise en matière d’actifs privés. Où les conseillers commettent-ils le plus souvent des erreurs d’appréciation ?

SA : L’erreur la plus fréquente consiste à supposer que les caractéristiques de liquidité d’un produit sont identiques à celles des actifs sous-jacents.

Certaines structures peuvent sembler offrir un accès plus fluide ou une liquidité périodique, alors que les actifs qu’elles contiennent restent fondamentalement illiquides. Ce décalage peut créer des tensions si le comportement des investisseurs évolue ou si les conditions de marché se détériorent.

Les structures basées sur l’assurance, en revanche, s’inscrivent par nature dans une logique de long terme. Elles sont conçues autour d’horizons d’investissement étendus et d’une gestion structurée de la liquidité, ce qui est davantage aligné avec la réalité des investissements en marchés privés. Cet alignement peut réduire de manière significative le risque de ventes forcées d’actifs en période de stress.

Pour les conseillers, l’enjeu est de comprendre non seulement les conditions d’accès au capital, mais également les mécanismes qui permettent de financer cet accès, ainsi que les hypothèses sous-jacentes.

AG : La valorisation est un autre sujet d’attention pour les régulateurs. Quels éléments les conseillers et les trustees doivent-ils prendre en compte ?

SA : La valorisation des actifs privés comporte nécessairement une part d’incertitude, mais cela ne signifie pas qu’elle puisse être approximative.

Les conseillers et les trustees doivent comprendre comment les valorisations sont établies, à quelle fréquence elles sont actualisées et comment elles sont remises en question. Des valorisations indépendantes sont-elles utilisées ? Comment les hypothèses de modèle sont-elles revues ? Comment les décalages de valorisation sont-ils pris en compte au niveau du contrat ?

Dans un cadre assurantiel, la discipline de valorisation est renforcée par les exigences réglementaires en matière de capital et par les processus de gouvernance. Cela ne supprime pas l’incertitude, mais introduit davantage de structure, de cohérence et de responsabilité, ce qui correspond aux attentes des régulateurs.

AG : Les capacités opérationnelles sont régulièrement évoquées. Qu’est-ce qui distingue les assureurs capables de détenir des actifs complexes en toute sécurité ?

SA : L’expérience et la taille jouent un rôle déterminant. La détention d’actifs privés ne se limite pas à leur conservation. Elle implique la gestion de flux de trésorerie, d’appels de fonds, de distributions, de valorisations et de reporting sur de longues périodes, souvent dans plusieurs juridictions.

Les assureurs qui ont investi dans des équipes spécialisées, des modèles opérationnels robustes et des réseaux de partenaires externes solides sont mieux à même de gérer cette complexité sans transférer de risques inutiles aux clients ou aux trustees.

Du point de vue de la supervision, il ne suffit plus d’évaluer uniquement la solidité financière d’un assureur. Il est essentiel de déterminer s’il dispose de la profondeur opérationnelle et de la gouvernance nécessaires, appuyées par des équipes d’investissement et techniques expérimentées, pour administrer des actifs complexes tout au long de la vie d’un contrat.

AG : Pour les trustees et les conseillers, à quoi correspond aujourd’hui une bonne supervision en pratique ?

SA : Il ne s’agit pas de devenir spécialiste des marchés privés. Il s’agit de poser de meilleures questions.

Les trustees et les conseillers doivent obtenir des réponses claires sur l’éligibilité des actifs, les processus de valorisation, la gestion de la liquidité et les dispositifs de gouvernance. Ils doivent comprendre comment les appels de fonds sont financés, comment les réserves de liquidité sont gérées et comment les risques sont suivis dans le temps.

De manière importante, la supervision évolue d’une approche centrée sur le produit vers une approche systémique. Il s’agit de comprendre l’écosystème qui soutient l’investissement, et non uniquement l’investissement lui-même.

AG : Existe-t-il des signaux d’alerte auxquels les conseillers doivent être attentifs ?

SA : Les promesses excessives en matière de liquidité constituent un signal d’alerte majeur, tout comme le manque de transparence sur les méthodes de valorisation ou les processus opérationnels.

Un autre signal d’alerte apparaît lorsque des actifs complexes sont introduits sans explication claire de la manière dont ils seront administrés dans le temps. Si la dimension opérationnelle manque de clarté, cela constitue généralement un indicateur de risque.

Les actifs complexes peuvent s’intégrer efficacement dans des structures basées sur l’assurance, à condition que la gouvernance et les infrastructures sous-jacentes soient robustes.

AG : Quelles évolutions anticipez-vous au cours des 12 à 18 prochains mois ?

SA : La pression réglementaire devrait s’intensifier plutôt que diminuer. Les marchés privés continueront de se développer et cette croissance s’accompagnera d’exigences accrues en matière de gouvernance, de transparence et de gestion des risques.

Pour les conseillers et les trustees, cela élève le niveau d’exigence. Le choix des structures devient de plus en plus une décision de gestion du risque, et non plus seulement une question administrative. Ceux qui anticipent ces évolutions et s’appuient sur des partenaires disposant d’une expertise avérée dans la gestion d’actifs complexes seront les mieux placés pour accompagner leurs clients dans la durée.

Les marchés privés offrent des opportunités significatives. L’enjeu consiste à s’assurer qu’ils sont détenus au sein de structures véritablement adaptées à leur nature de long terme.

Points clés pour les conseillers

  • Les actifs des marchés privés constituent désormais une allocation centrale pour les clients fortunés et très fortunés, entraînant une attention accrue des régulateurs sur les structures utilisées
  • Les autorités de régulation se concentrent davantage sur la gouvernance, la discipline de valorisation, la gestion de la liquidité et les capacités opérationnelles que sur les choix d’investissement eux-mêmes
  • Le risque de liquidité apparaît souvent lorsque les caractéristiques de liquidité d’une structure ne reflètent pas celles des actifs sous-jacents
  • Les processus de valorisation sont déterminants. Les conseillers doivent comprendre comment les actifs privés sont valorisés, contrôlés et actualisés, ainsi que la manière dont les décalages sont pris en compte au niveau du contrat
  • Les capacités opérationnelles et les dispositifs de gouvernance des assureurs deviennent aussi importants que leur solidité financière pour la détention d’actifs complexes
  • Le choix de la structure constitue de plus en plus un levier de gestion du risque, les résultats à long terme dépendant de la robustesse de l’écosystème qui soutient les actifs privés

Country Focus


Benjamin Fiorino

Benjamin Fiorino
Wealth Planner / Tax and Legal Counsel – France and Monaco

France–Monaco Wealth Planning Corridor: Structuring Wealth for International Families

The wealth planning corridor between Monaco and France is one of the most sophisticated and dynamic cross-border environments in Europe. While Monaco is globally recognised for its attractiveness to ultra-high-net-worth individuals, its proximity to France and enduring legal and economic ties create a complex planning landscape that requires careful structuring rather than simple relocation.

In this article, Benjamin Fiorino, Wealth Planner and Tax and Legal Counsel for France and Monaco, explains why advisers supporting internationally mobile families must look beyond residency status alone and focus instead on structures that manage ongoing French exposure while remaining portable over time.

Benjamin Fiorino

Benjamin Fiorino
Wealth Planner / Tax and Legal Counsel – France and Monaco

The Invisible French Connection

A common misconception among Monaco residents is that relocation fully removes exposure to French legal and tax frameworks. In practice, many clients remain closely connected to France in ways that materially affect their wealth planning.

These connections often include:

  • French real estate holdings
  • Business or corporate interests located in France
  • Family members or heirs residing in France

As a result, exposure to French inheritance tax frequently persists, particularly in relation to French situs assets. In parallel, civil law principles, such as forced heirship, may continue to influence succession outcomes depending on how the estate is structured.

For advisers, this creates a layered environment where Monaco residency coexists with ongoing French legal considerations. The objective is not to eliminate complexity, but to manage it in a structured and predictable way.

Beyond Diversification: Managing Cross-Border Frictions

Monaco-based ultra-high-net-worth families are increasingly global investors. Their portfolios often include a wide range of international assets, including US securities and holdings spread across multiple jurisdictions.

While diversification remains essential, it also introduces additional considerations:

  • Exposure to foreign tax regimes, including US estate tax
  • Potential conflicts between common law and civil law succession systems
  • Increased coordination requirements across jurisdictions

Effective planning must therefore extend beyond asset allocation alone. It requires aligning global portfolios with European succession frameworks and anticipating tax exposure rather than reacting to it.

The Need for Portable Wealth Structures

Mobility is a defining feature of Monaco-based clients. Families frequently relocate within Europe, to jurisdictions such as France, Portugal, Italy or the UK, driven by evolving personal, professional or tax considerations.

This mobility reinforces a central planning principle: wealth structures must be portable. Domestic solutions can struggle to adapt to changes in residency and may trigger restructuring costs or unintended tax consequences. By contrast, internationally recognised insurance-based wealth solutions can provide a stable and adaptable framework, offering:

  • Continuity across jurisdictions
  • Regulatory recognition in multiple markets
  • Flexibility to accommodate changing client circumstances

Portability is therefore becoming increasingly central to long-term wealth planning strategies.

A Structuring Opportunity for Advisers

The France–Monaco corridor should not be viewed solely through the lens of tax optimisation. It is a strategic environment in which advisers must reconcile:

  • Ongoing French tax and civil law exposure
  • The benefits of Monaco residency
  • International investment diversification
  • High levels of client mobility

Within this context, well-designed life insurance solutions can act as a unifying structuring tool. Their effectiveness, however, depends on their ability to operate seamlessly within the Monaco regulatory environment.

Both Utmost PanEurope and Utmost Luxembourg, the Irish and Luxembourg life insurance companies of the Utmost Group, are authorised in Monaco. Through licensed local intermediaries, they can offer bespoke insurance-based wealth solutions tailored to Monaco residents. This local regulatory positioning, combined with strong international expertise, allows advisers to access robust and compliant structures designed specifically for cross-border clients.

Such solutions are particularly well suited to:

  • Consolidating international assets within a single framework
  • Facilitating succession planning in a civil law context
  • Enhancing long-term portability as clients relocate

Bridging Two Worlds

Monaco hosts one of the highest concentrations of ultra-high-net-worth individuals globally, while France remains Europe’s largest life insurance market. Together, they create a powerful ecosystem in which demand for sophisticated cross-border solutions continues to grow.

For advisers, the challenge lies in simplifying complexity. Rather than multiplying structures, the objective is to design coherent frameworks that integrate multiple jurisdictions while remaining adaptable over time.

Case Study Insights

Read the case study, When Monaco Residency Is Not Enough – Managing French Succession Exposure for International Families, which illustrates how these principles can be implemented effectively in a real-world client situation.

Visit the Case Study Insights section below, or click here.

Structuring For Long-Term Certainty

The France–Monaco wealth planning corridor highlights the limits of residency-based planning in an increasingly international environment. For many families, relocation to Monaco alters the context of their wealth, but it does not remove the influence of French tax, civil law or succession regimes.

For advisers, the focus must therefore shift from isolated planning decisions to coherent, long-term structuring. Solutions need to accommodate ongoing French exposure, global investment diversification and high levels of client mobility, while remaining robust as circumstances evolve.

In this context, insurance-based wealth solutions can provide a valuable framework. When designed and implemented correctly, they allow advisers to bridge multiple jurisdictions within a single structure, helping internationally mobile families achieve greater clarity, continuity and control over time.

Given the technical, regulatory and cross-border considerations involved, advisers should engage with their Utmost sales representative for further discussion and guidance. This allows proposed structures to be assessed in detail and aligned with both client objectives and the regulatory environment in which they will operate.

Key Takeaways for Advisers

  • Monaco residency does not eliminate ongoing exposure to French tax and civil law frameworks, particularly where French assets or heirs are involved.
  • Global diversification introduces additional tax, succession and coordination challenges that require proactive, cross-border planning.
  • Client mobility reinforces the need for wealth structures that are portable and capable of adapting to future changes in residency.
  • Insurance-based wealth solutions can provide a stable and internationally recognised framework for managing complex, multi-jurisdictional wealth.
  • Advisers operating in the France–Monaco corridor should prioritise structures that:
    • Anticipate ongoing French exposure
    • Integrate international assets efficiently
    • Remain robust over time
Benjamin Fiorino

Benjamin Fiorino
Wealth Planner / Tax and Legal Counsel – France et Monaco

Le corridor de planification patrimoniale entre Monaco et la France constitue l’un des environnements transfrontaliers les plus sophistiqués et dynamiques d’Europe. Si Monaco est mondialement reconnu pour son attractivité auprès des clients ultra fortunés, sa proximité avec la France, ainsi que la solidité des liens juridiques et économiques entre les deux pays, créent un cadre particulièrement complexe. Celui-ci nécessite une structuration approfondie, bien au-delà d’une simple relocalisation.

Dans cet article, Benjamin Fiorino, Wealth Planner et conseil juridique pour la France et Monaco, explique pourquoi les conseillers accompagnant des familles à mobilité internationale doivent aller au-delà du seul critère de résidence. Ils doivent privilégier des structures capables de gérer une exposition française persistante, tout en restant pertinentes et adaptables dans la durée.


Le lien français invisible

Une idée reçue fréquente chez les résidents monégasques consiste à penser qu’un changement de résidence permet d’échapper totalement aux cadres juridiques et fiscaux français. En pratique, de nombreux clients conservent des liens étroits avec la France, susceptibles d’avoir un impact significatif sur leur structuration patrimoniale.

Ces liens incluent souvent :

  • des biens immobiliers situés en France ;
  • des intérêts économiques ou des participations dans des sociétés françaises
  • des membres de la famille ou des héritiers résidant en France.

En conséquence, une exposition aux droits de mutation à titre gratuit français subsiste fréquemment, en particulier pour les actifs de source française. Par ailleurs, certaines règles de droit civil, telles que la réserve héréditaire, peuvent continuer à influencer l’organisation de la succession selon la structuration retenue.

Pour les conseillers, cela crée un environnement à plusieurs niveaux, dans lequel la résidence monégasque coexiste avec des contraintes juridiques françaises persistantes. L’enjeu n’est pas de supprimer cette complexité, mais de la maîtriser de manière structurée et anticipée.

Au delà de la diversification : gérer les frictions transfrontalières

Les familles monégasques fortunées sont de plus en plus des investisseurs globaux. Leurs portefeuilles intègrent souvent une large diversité d’actifs internationaux, notamment des titres américains et des investissements répartis sur plusieurs juridictions.

Si la diversification reste essentielle, elle s’accompagne également de nouveaux enjeux :

  • une exposition à des régimes fiscaux étrangers, notamment aux droits de succession américains ;
  • des conflits potentiels entre les systèmes successoraux de common law et de droit civil ;
  • un besoin accru de coordination entre juridictions.

Une planification efficace ne peut donc se limiter à l’allocation d’actifs. Elle suppose d’aligner les portefeuilles internationaux avec les règles successorales européennes et d’anticiper les risques fiscaux, plutôt que d’y réagir a posteriori.

La nécessité de structures patrimoniales portables

La mobilité est une caractéristique centrale des clients monégasques. Les familles se relocalisent régulièrement en Europe, vers la France, le Portugal, l’Italie ou le Royaume-Uni, en fonction de considérations personnelles, professionnelles ou fiscales évolutives.

Cette réalité renforce un principe fondamental : les structures patrimoniales doivent être portables.

Les solutions purement domestiques s’adaptent difficilement aux changements de résidence et peuvent entraîner des coûts de restructuration ou des conséquences fiscales indésirables. À l’inverse, les solutions d’assurance vie internationales reconnues offrent un cadre à la fois stable et évolutif, permettant :

  • une continuité entre plusieurs juridictions ;
  • une reconnaissance réglementaire sur différents marchés ;
  • une flexibilité pour s’adapter à l’évolution de la situation des clients.

La portabilité devient ainsi un pilier des stratégies patrimoniales de long terme.

Une opportunité de structuration pour les conseillers

Le corridor France–Monaco ne doit pas être appréhendé uniquement sous l’angle de l’optimisation fiscale. Il s’agit d’un environnement stratégique dans lequel les conseillers doivent concilier :

  • une exposition fiscale et civile française persistante ;
  • les avantages de la résidence monégasque ;
  • la diversification internationale des investissements ;
  • une forte mobilité des clients.

Dans ce contexte, des solutions d’assurance vie bien structurées peuvent jouer un rôle central. Leur efficacité repose toutefois sur leur capacité à s’intégrer pleinement dans le cadre réglementaire monégasque.

Utmost PanEurope et Utmost Luxembourg, les compagnies d’assurance vie irlandaise et luxembourgeoise du groupe Utmost, sont toutes deux autorisées à exercer à Monaco. Par l’intermédiaire de courtiers locaux agréés, elles proposent des solutions patrimoniales sur mesure adaptées aux résidents monégasques. Ce positionnement réglementaire local, combiné à une expertise internationale reconnue, permet aux conseillers d’accéder à des structures robustes et conformes, spécifiquement conçues pour des situations transfrontalières.

Ces solutions sont particulièrement adaptées pour :

  • consolider des actifs internationaux au sein d’un cadre unique ;
  • faciliter la planification successorale dans un contexte de droit civil ;
  • renforcer la portabilité à long terme, au gré des relocalisations des clients.

Faire le lien entre deux mondes

Monaco concentre l’une des plus fortes densités de clients ultra fortunés au monde, tandis que la France demeure le premier marché européen de l’assurance vie. Ensemble, ces deux juridictions forment un écosystème puissant, dans lequel la demande de solutions transfrontalières sophistiquées ne cesse de croître.

Pour les conseillers, l’enjeu est de simplifier la complexité. Plutôt que de multiplier les structures, il s’agit de concevoir des dispositifs cohérents, capables d’intégrer plusieurs juridictions tout en restant adaptables dans le temps.

Analyse de cas pratique

Consultez l’étude de cas « Lorsque la résidence monégasque ne suffit pas – gérer l’exposition successorale française des familles internationales », qui illustre concrètement la mise en œuvre de ces principes dans une situation réelle.

Rendez-vous dans la section « Case Study Insights » ci-dessous ou cliquez ici.

Structurer pour une sécurité a long terme

Le corridor patrimonial France–Monaco met en évidence les limites d’une planification fondée uniquement sur la résidence, dans un environnement de plus en plus international. Pour de nombreuses familles, s’installer à Monaco modifie le contexte patrimonial sans pour autant éliminer l’influence des régimes fiscaux, civils et successoraux français.

Les conseillers doivent donc dépasser les approches ponctuelles et privilégier une structuration globale, cohérente et durable. Les solutions mises en place doivent intégrer une exposition française persistante, une diversification internationale et un haut degré de mobilité, tout en restant robustes face à l’évolution des situations.

Dans ce cadre, les solutions d’assurance patrimoniale offrent un levier particulièrement efficace. Lorsqu’elles sont correctement conçues et mises en œuvre, elles permettent d’articuler plusieurs juridictions au sein d’une structure unique, apportant aux familles internationales davantage de lisibilité, de continuité et de maîtrise dans le temps.

Compte tenu des enjeux techniques, réglementaires et transfrontaliers, il est recommandé aux conseillers d’échanger avec leur représentant commercial Utmost afin d’approfondir ces aspects. Cela permet d’analyser les structures proposées en détail et de les aligner à la fois sur les objectifs des clients et sur l’environnement réglementaire applicable.

Points clés pour les conseillers

  • La résidence monégasque ne supprime pas l’exposition aux cadres fiscaux et civils français, notamment en présence d’actifs ou d’héritiers situés en France.
  • La diversification internationale accroît les enjeux fiscaux, successoraux et de coordination, nécessitant une approche transfrontalière proactive.
  • La mobilité des clients renforce la nécessité de structures patrimoniales portables, capables de s’adapter à de futurs changements de résidence.
  • Les solutions patrimoniales basée sur l’assurance-vie offrent un cadre stable et reconnu à l’international pour gérer des patrimoines complexes et multi juridictionnels.
  • Les conseillers opérant dans le corridor France–Monaco doivent privilégier des structures qui :
    • anticipent l’exposition française persistante ;
    • intègrent efficacement les actifs internationaux ;
    • demeurent robustes dans le temps.

Case Study Insights

Brendan Harper

Brendan Harper
Head of Asia and HNW Technical Services

How Planning in Isolation Can Quickly Unravel

In his Technical Spotlight article, Brendan Harper highlights why planning undertaken in isolation can appear effective at a local level, yet fail once cross-border considerations are introduced.

In this case study Brendan brings that point into focus, showing how a succession structure that worked well in one jurisdiction began to unravel as the client’s residency and tax profile changed, and why a more integrated, portable framework was ultimately required.


Peter Tung

Peter Tung
Tax and Legal Counsel – Asia

Asia: Private Succession and Asset Integration Through Insurance-Based Solutions

As outlined in his Technical Spotlight article, Peter Tung explains how fragmented planning can undermine long-term outcomes for families with complex assets and cross-border connections. He positions life insurance as a central framework for bringing structure and continuity to that complexity.

This case study demonstrates how an insurance-based solution can be applied to balance succession goals, integrate assets and support long-term planning across jurisdictions.


Benjamin Fiorino

Benjamin Fiorino
Wealth Planner / Tax and Legal Counsel – France and Monaco

When Monaco Residency Is Not Enough – Managing French Succession Exposure for International Families

Building on his Country Focus article examining the France–Monaco corridor, Benjamin Fiorino shares a case study to illustrate a recurring and often misunderstood issue: Monaco residency alone does not eliminate French inheritance tax exposure, particularly where heirs are resident in France.


Benjamin Fiorino

Benjamin Fiorino
Wealth Planner / Tax and Legal Counsel – France and Monaco

Protecting Blended Families in France Through Beneficiary Clause Engineering

Blended families are now a defining feature of modern wealth planning in France, exposing the limits of traditional succession tools. While life insurance is often associated with tax efficiency, its true strength lies in the flexibility it offers through advanced beneficiary clause design.

In this case study, Benjamin Fiorino illustrates how structured beneficiary clause engineering can reconcile competing family interests, preserve control and deliver long-term protection for complex family situations.


Brendan Harper

Brendan Harper
Head of Asia and HNW Technical Services

In his Technical Spotlight article, Brendan Harper highlights why planning undertaken in isolation can appear effective at a local level, yet fail once cross-border considerations are introduced.

In this case study Brendan brings that point into focus, showing how a succession structure that worked well in one jurisdiction began to unravel as the client’s residency and tax profile changed, and why a more integrated, portable framework was ultimately required.

The Client

The client is a high-net-worth individual who has lived in Dubai for many years. Over time, he built significant wealth across Dubai real estate, bankable assets and private equity holdings.

As he approached retirement, he planned to relocate to Portugal. A key objective was to ensure that his Dubai-based assets would not fall under Sharia succession rules on death.

This marked an important trigger for structural change, shifting the planning focus from a single jurisdiction to a cross-border context.

The Solution

Step 1 – A locally effective solution in Dubai

To address succession concerns under Dubai law, the client’s advisers recommended establishing a family foundation under the Dubai International Financial Centre (DIFC) framework. The structure offered certainty based on English law and allowed the client, as founder, to retain control through the foundation’s charter and by-laws.

At a local level, the solution was effective. It resolved the immediate succession concern and provided governance within a familiar legal environment. The advisers also recommended transferring the client’s wider wealth into the structure to consolidate assets.

Step 2 – Where fragmented planning emerged

A critical factor was not fully addressed: the client’s planned relocation to Portugal.

While suitable for Dubai, the DIFC foundation has no formal recognition under Portuguese law. Once the cross-border dimension was introduced, the structure created uncertainty around tax classification and regulatory treatment.

From a Portuguese perspective, potential outcomes included classification as a controlled foreign company (CFC), triggering annual taxation of underlying income and gains at marginal rates that can reach 53%. Alternatively, the structure could be treated as a fiduciary arrangement, giving rise to outcomes that may include:

  • Capital gains tax on winding up and distribution to the founder
  • A standard 28% tax rate, increasing to 35% for blacklisted jurisdictions, which can include certain DIFC structures
  • Stamp duty of 10% on certain cash distributions to Portuguese resident beneficiaries
  • Income tax treatment for ongoing distributions, potentially including both capital and gains

This stage of the case highlights a recurring theme across cross-border planning: a solution designed in isolation can introduce new risks when mobility and regulatory interaction are not considered from the outset.

Step 3 – Introducing a holistic anchor for mobile capital

For the client’s liquid portfolio, a more integrated and portable solution would be the use of a Portuguese-compliant life insurance policy. While certain assets, such as direct real estate, may need to remain outside the policy and be planned for separately, life insurance can provide a stable framework for mobile capital.

This approach aligns with the broader planning theme explored in my article, positioning life insurance as a central framework capable of supporting investment management, tax efficiency and succession planning across jurisdictions.

The Benefits

Using a Portuguese-compliant life insurance policy for the liquid portfolio can provide:

  • Alignment with Portuguese law and established market practice
  • Gross roll‑up, with no tax until withdrawals are made
  • Taxation on gains only, with original capital treated as a return of capital
  • Reduced effective tax rates for long-term holding, subject to premium structuring rules (e.g. where at least 35% of premiums due are paid in the first half of the policy term): diagram
  • Beneficiary nomination, supporting efficient wealth transfer on death and potentially outside the policyholder’s estate
  • The ability to defer payment of death benefits where controlled distribution is required

This case demonstrates how planning undertaken in isolation can solve a local issue but unravel when cross-border touchpoints arise. An insurance-based solution can act as a bridge across jurisdictions when tax and estate planning need to work together.

Key Takeaways for Advisers

  • Do not assess structures in isolation. A solution that works locally may unravel when cross-border elements are introduced.
  • Use client mobility as a trigger for structural review, rather than adapting arrangements after relocation.
  • Position life insurance as a central planning anchor where tax, investment and succession planning must operate together across jurisdictions.
  • Segment assets pragmatically, recognising that some assets may sit outside insurance while mobile capital benefits from a portable framework.
  • Assess recognition and classification risk early in destination jurisdictions to avoid adverse tax outcomes.
Brendan Harper

Brendan Harper
Head of Asia and HNW Technical Services

Comme l’explique Brendan Harper dans son article Technical Spotlight, une planification réalisée de manière isolée peut répondre à un besoin local mais échoue souvent lorsque des considérations transfrontalières sont introduites.

Cette étude de cas en fournit une illustration claire. Elle montre comment une structure successorale qui fonctionnait efficacement dans une juridiction a commencé à se fragiliser lorsque la résidence et la situation fiscale du client ont évolué, et pourquoi la mise en place d’un cadre plus intégré et portable s’est finalement révélée nécessaire.

Le Client

Le client est une personne fortunée ayant vécu à Dubaï pendant de nombreuses années. Au fil du temps, il a constitué un patrimoine important comprenant des biens immobiliers à Dubaï, des actifs financiers et des participations en private equity.

À l’approche de la retraite, il prévoit de s’installer au Portugal. Un objectif clé est de s’assurer que ses actifs situés à Dubaï ne soient pas soumis aux règles successorales de la charia en cas de décès.

Cela constitue un point de déclenchement important pour une évolution de la structuration, faisant passer la planification d’un cadre local à un contexte transfrontalier.

La Solution

Étape 1 – Une solution efficace dans le context local à Dubaï

Pour répondre aux préoccupations successorales dans le cadre du droit de Dubaï, les conseillers du client recommandent la mise en place d’une fondation familiale dans le cadre du Dubai International Financial Centre (DIFC). La structure offre une sécurité juridique fondée sur le droit anglais et permet au client, en tant que fondateur, de conserver le contrôle via les statuts et les règles de fonctionnement.

Au niveau local, la solution est efficace. Elle répond à la problématique successorale immédiate et offre un cadre de gouvernance dans un environnement juridique familier. Les conseillers recommandent également de transférer l’ensemble du patrimoine du client au sein de cette structure afin de regrouper les actifs.

Étape 2 – Le point à partir duquel une planification fragmentée est apparue

Un élément déterminant n’a pas été pleinement pris en compte : le projet d’installation du client au Portugal.

Bien que adaptée à Dubaï, la fondation DIFC ne bénéficie d’aucune reconnaissance formelle en droit portugais. Dès lors que la dimension transfrontalière est introduite, la structure crée une incertitude quant à sa qualification fiscale et à son traitement réglementaire.

Du point de vue portugais, les scénarios possibles incluent une qualification en société étrangère contrôlée (CFC), entraînant une imposition annuelle des revenus et des plus-values sous-jacents à des taux marginaux pouvant atteindre 53 %. Alternativement, la structure pourrait être qualifiée d’arrangement fiduciaire, avec des conséquences pouvant inclure :

  • une imposition des plus-values lors de la liquidation et de la distribution au fondateur
  • un taux d’imposition standard de 28 %, pouvant atteindre 35 % pour certaines juridictions considérées comme non coopératives, incluant certaines structures DIFC
  • des droits de timbre de 10 % sur certaines distributions en numéraire aux bénéficiaires résidents portugais
  • un traitement fiscal des distributions en tant que revenus, pouvant inclure à la fois le capital et les gains

Cette étape met en évidence un thème récurrent dans la planification transfrontalière : une solution conçue de manière isolée peut introduire de nouveaux risques lorsque la mobilité et l’interaction entre cadres réglementaires ne sont pas prises en compte dès l’origine.

Étape 3 – Introduire un cadre structurant global pour des capitaux mobiles

Pour la partie liquide du portefeuille du client, une solution plus intégrée et portable consiste à recourir à un contrat d’assurance-vie conforme au cadre portugais. Si certains actifs, tels que l’immobilier détenu en direct, peuvent devoir rester en dehors du contrat et être traités séparément, l’assurance-vie peut constituer un cadre stable pour les actifs mobiles.

Cette approche s’inscrit dans la logique plus large développée dans l’article Why Life Insurance Sits at the Centre of Holistic Wealth Planning, en renforçant le rôle de l’assurance-vie en tant que cadre central permettant d’articuler la gestion des investissements, l’efficacité fiscale et la planification successorale à travers différentes juridictions.

Les Avantages

Le recours à un contrat d’assurance-vie conforme au cadre portugais pour la partie liquide du portefeuille peut offrir :

  • une conformité avec le droit portugais et les pratiques de marché établies
  • une capitalisation sans imposition jusqu’au moment des rachats
  • une imposition portant uniquement sur les gains, le capital initial étant considéré comme un remboursement de capital
  • une réduction du taux effectif d’imposition en cas de détention à long terme, sous réserve des règles de structuration des primes (par exemple lorsque au moins 35 % des primes dues sont versées au cours de la première moitié de la durée du contrat): diagram
  • la désignation de bénéficiaires, facilitant la transmission du patrimoine au décès et pouvant intervenir en dehors de la succession du souscripteur
  • La possibilité d’ajouter un avenant post mortem à une désignation de bénéficiaire. Cette fonctionnalité permet de différer le versement des capitaux décès et de les effectuer sous forme de versements échelonnés plutôt que sous forme de capital unique, ce qui est particulièrement utile lorsqu’une distribution contrôlée est requise.

Cette étude de cas montre comment une planification menée de manière isolée peut répondre à un besoin local mais se fragiliser lorsque des interactions transfrontalières apparaissent. Un contrat d’assurance-vie peut constituer un cadre permettant de relier différentes juridictions lorsque la planification fiscale et successorale doivent être coordonnées.

Points clés pour les conseillers

  • Ne pas analyser les structures de manière isolée. Une solution efficace localement peut se fragiliser lorsque des éléments transfrontaliers sont introduits
  • Utiliser la mobilité des clients comme un élément déclencheur d’une revue de la structuration, plutôt que d’adapter les dispositifs après un changement de résidence
  • Positionner l’assurance-vie comme un cadre central lorsque la fiscalité, l’investissement et la transmission doivent être coordonnés entre plusieurs juridictions
  • Segmenter les actifs de manière pragmatique, en reconnaissant que certains actifs peuvent rester en dehors de l’assurance tandis que les actifs mobiles bénéficient d’un cadre portable
  • Évaluer en amont les risques de reconnaissance et de qualification dans les juridictions de destination afin d’éviter des conséquences fiscales défavorables
Peter Tung

Peter Tung
Tax and Legal Counsel – Asia

As outlined in his Technical Spotlight article, Peter Tung explains how fragmented planning can undermine long-term outcomes for families with complex assets and cross-border connections. He positions life insurance as a central framework for bringing structure and continuity to that complexity.

This case study demonstrates how an insurance-based solution can be applied to balance succession goals, integrate assets and support long-term planning across jurisdictions.

The Client

The client is the founder of a mainland Chinese business listed in Hong Kong through a red-chip structure. Prior to the initial public offering, he transferred a portion of his shareholding into a family trust to provide governance and continuity.

He is 52 years old and has two children with distinct profiles:

  • A son, aged 25, resident in China and preparing to assume a leadership role in the business
  • A daughter, aged 22, studying in Australia, financially dependent and not involved in the business

The family works with a Singapore-based family office alongside an External Asset Manager (EAM), who oversees investments held across private bank accounts in Hong Kong and Singapore.

The family’s key planning challenges included:

  • Achieving balanced succession between business and non-business heirs
  • Increasing regulatory scrutiny of trust structures
  • Fragmented asset holdings and reporting across jurisdictions
  • The need for a portable, long-term framework capable of adapting over time

The Solution

To address these challenges, the family implemented an insurance-based framework designed to act as a central planning anchor, while allowing the EAM to retain investment management responsibilities.

1. Balancing succession through tailored policies

Two complementary life insurance policies were established to reflect the differing priorities of the heirs:

  • For the son (business continuity)
    A lower death-benefit policy structured for policy inheritance. This allowed continuity of ownership of assets linked to the operating business, avoiding forced liquidation on succession.
  • For the daughter (estate equalisation)
    A higher death-benefit variable universal life policy, providing independent liquidity to equalise the estate without placing pressure on the operating business.

In both cases, beneficiary nomination supported direct transfer outside probate procedures.

2. Reducing reliance on trust structures

Selected listed shares were transferred from the family trust into the insurance policies as premium funding. This diversified the overall structure away from increased reliance on settlor-led trust arrangements, while keeping assets invested within a controlled framework.

3. Consolidating fragmented private banking arrangements

Assets previously held across private bank accounts in Hong Kong and Singapore were consolidated within the insurance framework. The family office and EAM continued to manage investments within the policy structure, supporting existing strategies while simplifying administration and reporting.

4. Structuring for globally mobile heirs

The solution was designed to reflect the differing residency profiles of the heirs, including long-term portability considerations for the daughter in Australia and continuity for the future leadership transition of the son.

The Benefits

The insurance-based framework delivered several tangible outcomes:

  • Business continuity through policy inheritance, reducing the risk of forced asset sales at succession
  • Estate equalisation via independent liquidity for non-business heirs
  • Reduced dispute risk through clear beneficiary nomination and structuring
  • Lower exposure to trust scrutiny by diversifying away from single-structure reliance
  • Simplified reporting through consolidation of cross-border assets
  • Portability, allowing the structure to remain effective as family members move across jurisdictions

Most importantly, succession, investment management and governance objectives were brought together within a single framework rather than addressed through disconnected solutions.

For Asian families with IPO wealth, disputes frequently destroy more value than tax. By anchoring succession, liquidity and governance within one framework, life insurance helps ensure continuity and family balance are built into long-term planning, not left to chance.

Key Takeaways for Advisers

  • Use life insurance as a central planning anchor to integrate succession planning, asset consolidation and investment management within one framework.
  • Differentiate between business and non-business heirs, using tailored policy design to balance continuity and estate equalisation.
  • Reduce structural fragmentation, particularly where assets and advisers are spread across multiple jurisdictions.
  • Position insurance as a framework, not a product, allowing other planning tools, such as trusts, to complement rather than carry the entire solution.
  • Design with long-term portability in mind, especially where heirs have different residency paths and life stages.
Benjamin Fiorino

Benjamin Fiorino
Wealth Planner / Tax and Legal Counsel – France and Monaco

Building on his Country Focus article examining the France–Monaco corridor, Benjamin Fiorino shares a case study to illustrate a recurring and often misunderstood issue: Monaco residency alone does not eliminate French inheritance tax exposure, particularly where heirs are resident in France.

The Client

Family structure and residence

The client is a 64-year-old UK national resident in Monaco. He has two children who have lived in France for more than 15 years and are fully French tax resident.

Asset profile

His estate comprises:

  • €4 million of French real estate
  • €10 million of financial assets held as portfolio investments and liquidity

Initial misconception: Monaco residency as a shield

Under Monaco law, assets located in Monaco are exempt from inheritance tax in the direct line. This often creates the assumption that Monaco residency is sufficient to eliminate French inheritance tax exposure. However, this protection does not extend automatically to cross-border situations involving French-resident heirs.

Under French domestic tax law, inheritance tax applies to worldwide assets inherited by French-resident beneficiaries where they have been resident in France for at least six of the ten years preceding death. Both children met this condition, creating significant exposure beyond the client’s French real estate.

The Solution

Confirming treaty ineligibility

The first step was to assess whether the client could rely on the France–Monaco inheritance tax treaty. While the treaty can, in certain circumstances, prevent France from taxing financial assets held by a Monaco resident, its application is not based on residency alone. In practice, treaty protection depends on nationality. Unlike some other inheritance tax treaties concluded by France, the France–UK treaty contains no non-discrimination clause based on nationality. As a result, the client, as a UK national, could not rely on the Franco-Monégasque treaty.

Impact of French domestic law

Without treaty protection, French domestic law applied in full. Given that the heirs were long-term French tax residents, Article 750 ter of the French Tax Code resulted in French inheritance tax on the client’s worldwide estate.

Implementing life insurance structuring

To mitigate this exposure, the €10 million financial portfolio was restructured through qualifying life insurance contracts under Article 990 I of the French Tax Code. This allowed the financial assets to benefit from a separate inheritance tax regime with preferential allowances and rates.

French real estate remained taxable in France under standard inheritance tax rules, but the restructuring substantially reduced the portion of the estate exposed to the highest marginal tax rates.

The Benefits

Baseline outcome without structuring

Without any planning, the entire €14 million estate would have been taxable in France. After applying allowances, each child would have faced an inheritance tax liability of approximately €2.85 million. This resulted in a total tax cost of around €5.7 million and an effective tax rate of approximately 41%.

Outcome following life insurance structuring

Following the restructuring:

  • Financial assets benefited from the life insurance inheritance tax regime, reducing tax to approximately €1.44 million per child
  • French real estate remained taxable, generating inheritance tax of approximately €750,000 per child

Overall tax efficiency achieved

Total inheritance tax fell to approximately €4.4 million, reducing the effective tax rate to around 31%. The planning generated an estimated €1.3 million inheritance tax saving while preserving clarity, flexibility and control in the succession strategy.

Conclusion

This case demonstrates that Monaco residency, while often viewed as decisive in inheritance tax planning, offers no universal protection where succession involves French-resident heirs. Outcomes are driven less by residence or asset location, and more by nationality, treaty eligibility and the extraterritorial reach of French tax law.

For families operating along the France–Monaco corridor, early confirmation of treaty access is essential. Where protection is unavailable, proactive structuring remains critical to avoid unintended worldwide taxation and restore predictability in succession outcomes.

Key Takeaways for Advisers

  • Verify treaty access rigorously
    Residency alone is insufficient. Nationality remains a decisive factor when assessing eligibility for the France–Monaco inheritance tax treaty.
  • Assess successor residency, not just asset location
    French-resident heirs can trigger worldwide inheritance taxation, even where the deceased is resident outside France.
  • Use life insurance strategically where treaties do not apply
    In the absence of treaty protection, life insurance provides a robust, predictable and well-established framework to mitigate French inheritance tax exposure.

Given the complexity of cross-border succession planning, advisers should speak with their Utmost sales representative to obtain further advice and support in assessing appropriate solutions for their clients.

Benjamin Fiorino

Benjamin Fiorino
Wealth Planner / Tax and Legal Counsel – France et Monaco

Dans le prolongement de son article Country Focus consacré au corridor France–Monaco, Benjamin Fiorino présente une étude de cas illustrant une problématique à la fois fréquente et souvent mal comprise : la résidence monégasque, à elle seule, ne suffit pas à éliminer l’exposition aux droits de succession français, en particulier lorsque les héritiers sont résidents fiscaux en France.

Le Client

Structure familiale et résidence

Le client est un ressortissant britannique de 64 ans, résident à Monaco. Il a deux enfants installés en France depuis plus de quinze ans, tous deux résidents fiscaux français.

Profil patrimonial

Son patrimoine se compose de :

  • 4 millions d’euros d’immobilier situé en France ;
  • 10 millions d’euros d’actifs financiers, détenus sous forme de portefeuilles d’investissement et de liquidités.

Idée reçue initiale : la résidence monégasque comme rempart

En droit monégasque, les actifs situés à Monaco sont exonérés de droits de succession en ligne directe. Cette règle conduit souvent à penser qu’une résidence à Monaco suffit à neutraliser toute exposition aux droits de succession français. En réalité, cette protection ne s’étend pas automatiquement aux situations transfrontalières impliquant des héritiers résidents en France.

En droit interne français, les droits de succession peuvent s’appliquer aux biens transmis dans le monde entier lorsque les bénéficiaires sont résidents fiscaux français et l’ont été pendant au moins six des dix années précédant le décès. Les deux enfants remplissaient cette condition, ce qui créait une exposition significative, allant bien au-delà des seuls actifs immobiliers français du client.

La Solution

Vérification de l’inéligibilité à la convention fiscale

La première étape a consisté à déterminer si le client pouvait bénéficier de la convention fiscale en matière de successions entre la France et Monaco. Si cette convention peut, dans certaines situations, empêcher la France d’imposer des actifs financiers détenus par un résident monégasque, son application ne dépend pas uniquement du critère de résidence.

En pratique, l’accès à cette protection conventionnelle dépend également de la nationalité. Contrairement à certaines autres conventions successorales conclues par la France, la convention entre la France et le Royaume-Uni ne prévoit pas de clause de non-discrimination fondée sur la nationalité. En conséquence, le client, en tant que ressortissant britannique, ne pouvait pas se prévaloir de la convention franco-monégasque.

Application du droit interne français

En l’absence de protection conventionnelle, le droit interne français trouvait pleinement à s’appliquer. Compte tenu de la résidence fiscale française de longue date des héritiers, l’article 750 ter du Code général des impôts entraînait l’assujettissement de l’ensemble du patrimoine mondial du client aux droits de succession français.

Mise en place d’une structuration via l’assurance vie

Afin d’atténuer cette exposition, le portefeuille financier a été restructuré au moyen de contrats d’assurance-vie relevant du régime de l’article 990 I du Code général des impôts. Cette structuration a permis aux actifs financiers de bénéficier d’un régime successoral distinct, assorti d’abattements et de taux plus favorables.

Les actifs immobiliers situés en France demeuraient imposables selon les règles classiques des droits de succession français. En revanche, la structuration a permis de réduire sensiblement la part du patrimoine soumise aux taux marginaux les plus élevés.

Les Bénéfices

Situation de référence en l’absence de structuration

En l’absence de toute planification, l’intégralité du patrimoine, soit 14 millions d’euros, aurait été imposable en France. Après application des abattements, chaque enfant aurait supporté une charge fiscale d’environ 2,85 millions d’euros, soit un coût total d’environ 5,7 millions d’euros et un taux effectif proche de 41 %.

Situation après la structuration via l’assurance vie

À l’issue de la structuration :

  • les actifs financiers ont bénéficié du régime successoral de l’assurance vie, ramenant les droits dus à environ 1,44 million d’euros par enfant ;
  • l’immobilier français est resté taxable, générant des droits d’environ 750 000 euros par enfant.

Efficacité fiscale globale obtenue

Le montant total des droits de succession a ainsi été ramené à environ 4,4 millions d’euros, soit un taux effectif proche de 31 %. La planification a permis une économie estimée à 1,3 million d’euros, tout en préservant la lisibilité, la souplesse et le contrôle de la stratégie successorale.

Conclusion

Cette étude de cas montre que la résidence monégasque, souvent perçue comme un facteur décisif en matière de planification successorale, n’offre aucune protection universelle lorsque la succession implique des héritiers résidents fiscaux en France. En pratique, l’issue dépend autant de la localisation des actifs ou de la résidence du défunt que de la nationalité, de l’éligibilité aux conventions fiscales et de la portée extraterritoriale du droit fiscal français.

Pour les familles internationales évoluant dans le corridor France–Monaco, la vérification préalable de l’accès aux conventions fiscales est donc essentielle. Lorsqu’aucune protection conventionnelle n’est disponible, une structuration proactive devient indispensable afin d’éviter une imposition mondiale non anticipée et de rétablir une plus grande prévisibilité dans les résultats successoraux.

Points clés pour les conseillers

  • Vérifier rigoureusement l’accès aux conventions fiscales
    La résidence, à elle seule, est insuffisante. La nationalité demeure un critère déterminant pour apprécier l’éligibilité à la convention successorale France–Monaco.
  • Analyser la résidence des héritiers, et non uniquement la localisation des actifs
    Des héritiers résidents fiscaux français peuvent déclencher une imposition successorale mondiale, même lorsque le défunt est résident hors de France.
  • Utiliser l’assurance vie de manière stratégique lorsque les conventions ne s’appliquent pas
    En l’absence de protection conventionnelle, l’assurance vie offre un cadre éprouvé, prévisible et efficace pour atténuer l’exposition aux droits de succession français.

Compte tenu de la complexité de la planification successorale transfrontalière, il est recommandé aux conseillers d’échanger avec leur représentant commercial Utmost afin d’obtenir un accompagnement complémentaire dans l’analyse des solutions envisageables pour leurs clients.

Benjamin Fiorino

Benjamin Fiorino
Wealth Planner / Tax and Legal Counsel – France and Monaco

Blended families are now a defining feature of modern wealth planning in France, exposing the limits of traditional succession tools. While life insurance is often associated with tax efficiency, its true strength lies in the flexibility it offers through advanced beneficiary clause design.

In this case study, Benjamin Fiorino illustrates how structured beneficiary clause engineering can reconcile competing family interests, preserve control and deliver long-term protection for complex family situations.

The Client

The client is a French resident, married under a separation of property regime. He has one adult child from a previous relationship and three minor children with his current spouse. His objectives reflect a common reality for high-net-worth individuals in blended family situations:

  • Provide meaningful financial security for his spouse
  • Ensure equitable treatment across all children
  • Avoid unintended wealth transfers or future conflict
  • Retain oversight over how capital is accessed and used over time

A conventional beneficiary clause would not achieve this balance. A simple sequential designation, such as “spouse, failing which children”, risked either concentrating wealth too heavily with one beneficiary or creating tensions between family branches.

The Solution

Rather than treating the beneficiary clause as an administrative detail, it was used as a central structuring tool.

A bespoke beneficiary clause was engineered to reflect the client’s family dynamics, legal environment and long-term objectives. The solution incorporated several integrated features.

Simultaneous allocation across beneficiaries

Capital was allocated between the spouse and the children from the outset, rather than through a sequential hierarchy. This created immediate clarity and balance.

Usufruct and bare ownership structuring

The spouse was granted usufruct rights, allowing access to income and financial flexibility, while the children retained bare ownership of the capital. This structure aligned protection for the surviving spouse with long-term preservation for the next generation.

Built-in adaptability through conditional provisions

The clause was designed to evolve over time, incorporating provisions to address:

  • Predecease scenarios
  • Age-related milestones for younger beneficiaries
  • Changes in family circumstances

Governance and protection mechanisms

Specific safeguards were included to:

  • Control access to capital for minor or inexperienced beneficiaries
  • Prevent premature or imprudent dissipation of wealth
  • Encourage disciplined, long-term financial behaviour

Through this structured approach, the life insurance policy became a fully-fledged estate planning framework rather than a simple payout mechanism.

The Benefits

This beneficiary clause design delivered several tangible outcomes for the client and his family:

  • Clear protection for the surviving spouse without undermining children’s long-term interests
  • Equitable treatment across family branches, reducing the risk of future disputes
  • Ongoing governance and control over how and when capital is accessed
  • A flexible structure capable of adapting as family circumstances evolve
  • Succession planning that operates alongside, rather than in conflict with, French civil law

Crucially, these outcomes could be achieved without multiplying structures or relying on rigid solutions that are difficult to amend over time.

Key Takeaways for Advisers

  • Treat the beneficiary clause as a core planning tool, not an administrative formality. It can be one of the most powerful structuring mechanisms available.
  • Use life insurance to manage competing family objectives, particularly in blended families where fairness and protection must be carefully balanced.
  • Combine usufruct and bare ownership thoughtfully to align short-term protection with long-term transmission.
  • Build conditional logic into beneficiary clauses to ensure structures remain adaptable as family circumstances change.
  • Introduce governance mechanisms proactively to protect younger or vulnerable beneficiaries and preserve wealth over time.
  • Position life insurance as a structuring framework, working alongside other tools rather than as a standalone tax solution.

For advisers working with blended families in France, partnering with experienced structuring specialists can be critical. The wealth planning teams within Utmost Group support advisers in designing beneficiary clauses that align with the client’s legal, tax and family environment, helping translate complexity into robust, long-term solutions.

Benjamin Fiorino

Benjamin Fiorino
Wealth Planner / Tax and Legal Counsel – France et Monaco

Les familles recomposées constituent aujourd’hui une réalité structurante de la planification patrimoniale en France et mettent en lumière les limites des outils successoraux traditionnels. Si l’assurance vie est souvent perçue sous l’angle de l’optimisation fiscale, sa véritable valeur réside dans la flexibilité qu’elle offre, notamment grâce à une ingénierie avancée de la clause bénéficiaire.

Dans cette étude de cas, Benjamin Fiorino illustre comment une structuration fine de la clause bénéficiaire permet de concilier des intérêts familiaux parfois divergents, de préserver le contrôle et d’assurer une protection durable dans des contextes familiaux complexes.

Le Client

Le client est résident fiscal français et marié sous le régime de la séparation de biens. Il a un enfant majeur issu d’une première union et trois enfants mineurs avec son épouse actuelle.

Ses objectifs reflètent une situation fréquente chez les clients disposant d’un patrimoine significatif dans un contexte de famille recomposée :

  • assurer une sécurité financière réelle à son conjoint ;
  • garantir un traitement équitable entre tous les enfants ;
  • éviter des transmissions patrimoniales non souhaitées ou des conflits futurs ;
  • conserver une maîtrise sur les modalités d’accès et d’utilisation du capital dans le temps.

Une clause bénéficiaire classique n’aurait pas permis d’atteindre cet équilibre. Une désignation séquentielle simple, telle que « conjoint, à défaut enfants », présentait le risque soit de concentrer excessivement le patrimoine au profit d’un seul bénéficiaire, soit de créer des tensions entre les différentes branches familiales.

La Solution

Plutôt que de considérer la clause bénéficiaire comme une simple formalité administrative, celle-ci a été utilisée comme un véritable outil central de structuration patrimoniale.

Une clause bénéficiaire sur mesure a été élaborée afin de refléter la situation familiale du client, son environnement juridique et ses objectifs à long terme. La solution repose sur plusieurs mécanismes complémentaires.

Répartition immédiate entre les bénéficiaires

Le capital a été réparti dès l’origine entre le conjoint et les enfants, sans recourir à une logique hiérarchique ou séquentielle. Cette approche permet d’instaurer d’emblée clarté et équilibre.

Structuration en usufruit et nue propriété

Le conjoint s’est vu attribuer l’usufruit, lui permettant de percevoir les revenus et de bénéficier d’une souplesse financière, tandis que les enfants conservent la nue-propriété du capital. Cette structuration permet de concilier la protection du conjoint survivant avec la préservation des intérêts à long terme de la génération suivante.

Adaptabilité intégrée grâce à des mécanismes conditionnels

La clause a été conçue pour évoluer dans le temps, en intégrant des dispositions visant à prendre en compte :

  • les hypothèses de prédécès ;
  • des seuils d’âge pour les bénéficiaires les plus jeunes ;
  • des évolutions de la situation familiale.

Mécanismes de gouvernance et de protection

Des garde fous spécifiques ont été mis en place afin de :

  • encadrer l’accès au capital pour les bénéficiaires mineurs ou inexpérimentés ;
  • prévenir une utilisation prématurée ou inadaptée du patrimoine ;
  • encourager une gestion financière disciplinée et orientée vers le long terme.

Grâce à cette approche structurée, le contrat d’assurance vie devient un véritable outil de planification successorale, et non un simple mécanisme de versement de capitaux.

Les Bénéfices

La conception de cette clause bénéficiaire a permis d’atteindre plusieurs résultats concrets :

  • une protection claire du conjoint survivant, sans compromettre les intérêts à long terme des enfants ;
  • un traitement équitable des différentes branches familiales, réduisant le risque de contentieux futurs ;
  • une gouvernance et un contrôle durables sur les modalités et le calendrier d’accès au capital ;
  • une structure flexible, capable de s’adapter à l’évolution des circonstances familiales ;
  • une organisation successorale pleinement compatible avec le droit civil français.

Ces objectifs ont pu être atteints sans multiplier les structures ni recourir à des solutions rigides et difficiles à ajuster dans le temps.

Points clés pour les conseillers

  • Considérer la clause bénéficiaire comme un outil stratégique de planification. Elle ne doit pas être perçue comme une simple formalité administrative, mais comme l’un des leviers de structuration les plus puissants à disposition des conseillers.
  • Utiliser l’assurance vie pour gérer des objectifs familiaux concurrents, en particulier dans les familles recomposées, où équité et protection doivent être soigneusement équilibrées.
  • Combiner usufruit et nue propriété avec discernement afin d’aligner une protection à court terme avec une transmission patrimoniale durable.
  • Intégrer une logique conditionnelle dans la clause bénéficiaire pour garantir l’adaptabilité des structures face à l’évolution des situations familiales.
  • Mettre en place des mécanismes de gouvernance de manière proactive afin de protéger les bénéficiaires jeunes ou vulnérables et de préserver le patrimoine dans le temps.
  • Positionner l’assurance vie comme un cadre de structuration, s’articulant avec d’autres outils, plutôt que comme une simple solution fiscale autonome.

Pour les conseillers accompagnant des familles recomposées en France, le recours à des spécialistes expérimentés en structuration patrimoniale peut s’avérer déterminant. Les équipes de planification patrimoniale du groupe Utmost accompagnent les conseillers dans la conception de clauses bénéficiaires alignées avec l’environnement juridique, fiscal et familial de leurs clients, afin de transformer la complexité en solutions robustes et durables.

Events and Webinars

Stay updated on our webinars and other industry events where Utmost will have a presence.

Market

Event

Date

Singapore

Hubbis Independent Wealth Management Forum

5 May 2026 Find out more

Hong Kong

Hubbis Independent Wealth Management Forum

7 May 2026 Find out more

Switzerland

ACA event – Geneva
Geneva – Luxembourg: Wealth Management Expertise at the Heart of Europe

18 May 2026 Find out more

Italy

ACA event – Milan
Milan – Luxembourg: Life insurance at the service of international private wealth management

11 June 2026 Find out more

France

CNCGP - MidSommar du Patrimoine – Paris

16 June 2026 Find out more

Singapore

Hubbis Wealth Planning and Structuring Forum

17 June 2026 Find out more

Monaco

FundForum

22-24 June 2026 Find out more

France

OCCUR – La Rencontre Occur – Paris

24-25 June 2026 Find out more

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The information presented in this briefing does not constitute tax or legal advice and is based on our understanding of legislation and taxation as of April 2026. This item has been prepared for informational purposes only. Utmost group companies cannot be held responsible for any possible loss resulting from reliance on this information.

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